Difference between revisions of "Liliales"

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{{Expand Spanish|Liliales|topic=sci|date=December 2009}}
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#redirect [[:Category:Liliales]]
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{{Automatic taxobox
 
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| taxon = Liliales
 
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| fossil_range = {{fossil range|120}}[[Early Cretaceous]]- Recent
 
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| image = Lilium martagon 250605a.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Lilium martagon]]'' (Martagon lily)
 
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| authority = [[Karl Julius Perleb|Perleb]] (1826){{sfn|APG III|2009}}
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Families
 
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| subdivision = [[Alstroemeriaceae]]<br/>
 
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[[Campynemataceae]]<br/>
 
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[[Colchicaceae]]<br/>
 
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[[Corsiaceae]]<br/>
 
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[[Liliaceae]]<br/>
 
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[[Melanthiaceae]]<br/>
 
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[[Petermannia]]ceae<br/>
 
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[[Philesiaceae]]<br/>
 
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[[Ripogonaceae]]<br/>
 
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[[Smilacaceae]]
 
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| type_species=''[[Lilium candidum]]'' <small>[[L.]]</small>
 
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}}
 
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'''Liliales''' (older name: '''Lilia''') is an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[monocotyledon]]ous [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] and [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Web]] [[List of systems of plant classification|system]], within the [[lilioid monocots]]. This order of necessity includes the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Liliaceae]]. The [[APG III system]] (2009) places this order in the [[monocot]] [[clade]]. In APG III, the family [[Luzuriagaceae]] is combined with the family [[Alstroemeriaceae]] and the family [[Petermannia]]ceae is recognized. Both the Lililiales order and the Liliaceae family have had a widely disputed history, with the [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] varying greatly from one taxonomist to another. Previous members of this order, which at one stage included most monocots with  conspicuous [[tepals]] and lacking [[starch]] in the [[endosperm]] are now distributed over three orders, Liliales, [[Dioscoreales]] and [[Asparagales]], using predominantly [[molecular phylogenetics]]. The newly delimited Liliales is [[monophyletic]], with ten families. Well known plants from the order include ''[[Lilium]]'' (lily), [[tulip]], the North American wildflower ''[[Trillium]]'', and [[Smilax|greenbrier]].
 
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Thus circumscribed, this order consists mostly of [[herbaceous]] plants, but [[lianas]] and [[shrubs]] also occur. They are mostly [[perennial plant]]s, with food [[storage organs]] such as [[corm]]s or [[rhizome]]s. The family [[Corsiaceae]] is notable for being [[heterotrophic]].
 
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The order has worldwide distribution. The larger families (with more than 100 species) are roughly confined to the [[Northern Hemisphere]], or are distributed worldwide, centering on the north. On the other hand, the smaller families (with up to 10 species) are confined to the [[Southern Hemisphere]], or sometimes just to [[Australia]] or [[South America]]. The total number of species in the order is now about 1300.
 
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As with any [[herb]]aceous group, the [[fossil]] record of the Liliales is rather scarce. There are several species from the [[Eocene]], such as ''Petermanniopsis anglesaensis'' or ''Smilax'', but their identification is not definite. Another known fossil is ''Ripogonum scandens'' from the [[Miocene]]. Due to the scarcity of data, it seems impossible to determine precisely the age and the initial distribution of the order. It is assumed that the Liliales originate from the Lower [[Cretaceous]], over 100 million years ago. Fossil aquatic plants from the [[Cretaceous]] of northeastern Brazil and a new terrestrial species placed in the new genus ''[[Cratosmilax]]'' suggest that the first species have appeared around 120 million years ago when the continents formed Pangea, before dispersing as Asia, Africa and America.{{sfn|Flaviana et al|2014}} The initial diversification to the current families took place between 82 and 48 million years ago.{{sfn|Vinnersten|Bremer|2001}} The order consists of 10 families, 67 genera and about 1,500 species.
 
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== Description ==
 
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The Liliales are characterised by ([[synapomorphies]]) the presence of [[nectaries]] at the base of the [[tepals]] or [[stamen]] filaments, together with [[extrorse]] (outward opening) anthers. This distinguishes them from the septal nectaries and introrse anthers that are the features of most other monocots.{{sfn|Vinnersten|Bremer|2001}} They are mainly [[geophytes]] with elliptical [[leaves]] showing fine [[reticulate venation]]. The tepals are usually large and pointed. The outer [[integument]] epidermis of the [[seed coat]] is cellular, and the [[phytomelanin]] pigment is lacking. The inner integument is also cellular and these features are [[plesiomorphic]].{{sfn|Stevenson|Davis|Freudenstein|Hardy|2000}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}} The Liliales are predominantly [[perennial]] erect or twining [[herbaceous]] and [[vines|climbing]] plants. They also include [[woody plants|woody]] [[shrubs]], which have fleshy [[plant stems|stems]] and underground [[storage organ|storage]] or [[perennating]] organs.
 
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== Taxonomy ==
 
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=== History ===
 
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Earlier names for this order include the Coronarieae of the [[Bentham & Hooker system]]. The [[Wettstein system]], last revised in 1935, used names similar to those in the Engler system: the order was named Liliiflorae placed in the class Monocotyledones of the subdivision Angiospermae. In circumscription the order was fairly similar to that of [[Arthur Cronquist|Cronquist]].
 
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In the [[Engler system]] (1964 update) a similar order was named [[Liliiflorae]], placed in the class [[Monocotyledoneae]] of the subdivision [[Angiospermae]].
 
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The [[Cronquist system]] (1981) placed the order in subclass [[Liliidae]] in the class [[Liliopsida]] [= monocotyledons] of division [[Magnoliophyta]] [= angiosperms]. It used a much wider circumscription (many of the plants here are assigned to [[Asparagales]] and [[Dioscoreales]] by APG II):
 
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* order Liliales
 
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*: family [[Agavaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Aloaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Cyanastraceae]]
 
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*: family [[Dioscoreaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Haemodoraceae]]
 
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*: family [[Hanguanaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Iridaceae]]
 
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*: family Liliaceae
 
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*: family [[Philydraceae]]
 
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*: family [[Pontederiaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Smilacaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Stemonaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Taccaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Velloziaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Xanthorrhoeaceae]]
 
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The [[Dahlgren system]] (1985) placed the order in superorder Lilianae in subclass Liliidae [= monocotyledons] of class Magnoliopsida [= angiosperms] and used this circumscription:
 
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* order Liliales
 
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*: family Alstroemeriaceae
 
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*: family [[Calochortaceae]]
 
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*: family Colchicaceae
 
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*: family Iridaceae
 
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*: family Liliaceae
 
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*: family [[Uvulariaceae]]
 
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The [[Thorne system (1992)|Thorne system]] (1992) placed the order in superorder [[Lilianae]] in subclass [[Liliidae]] [= monocotyledons ] of class [[Magnoliopsida]] [= dicotyledons]  and used this circumscription:
 
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* order Liliales
 
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*: family Alstroemeriaceae
 
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*: family Campynemataceae
 
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*: family Colchicaceae
 
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*: family Iridaceae
 
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*: family Liliaceae
 
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*: family Melanthiaceae
 
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*: family [[Trilliaceae]]
 
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=== Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ===
 
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The [[APG system]] (1998) also placed the order in the clade monocots, but with a slightly different circumscription (missing the family Corsiaceae):
 
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* order Liliales
 
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*: family [[Alstroemeriaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Campynemataceae]]
 
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*: family [[Colchicaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Liliaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Luzuriagaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Melanthiaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Philesiaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Ripogonaceae]] {{sic}}
 
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*: family [[Smilacaceae]]
 
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The [[APG II system]] (2003) places this order in the clade [[monocots]] and uses this circumscription:
 
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* order Liliales
 
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*: family [[Alstroemeriaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Campynemataceae]]
 
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*: family [[Colchicaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Corsiaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Liliaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Luzuriagaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Melanthiaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Philesiaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Ripogonaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Smilacaceae]]
 
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APG III (2009) uses this circumscription:
 
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* order Liliales
 
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*: family [[Alstroemeriaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Campynemataceae]]
 
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*: family [[Colchicaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Corsiaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Liliaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Melanthiaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Petermannia]]ceae
 
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*: family [[Philesiaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Ripogonaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Smilacaceae]]
 
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=== Phylogeny ===
 
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According to the APWeb, the families of Liliales are related as follows:
 
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{{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
 
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| label1='''Liliales'''
 
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| 1={{Clade
 
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| label3=
 
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branch with 50-80% support | 1=[[Corsiaceae]]
 
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| 2=[[Campynemataceae]]
 
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| 3={{Clade
 
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| label2=branch with 50-80% support
 
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| 1=[[Melanthiaceae]]
 
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| 2={{Clade
 
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| 1=[[Petermanniaceae]]
 
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| 2={{Clade
 
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| 1=[[Colchicaceae]]
 
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| 2={{Clade
 
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| 1=[[Luzuriagaceae]]
 
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| 2=[[Alstroemeriaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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| 3={{Clade
 
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| 1={{Clade
 
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| 1=[[Rhipogonaceae]]
 
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| 2=[[Philesiaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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| 2={{Clade
 
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| 1=[[Smilacaceae]]
 
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| 2=[[Liliaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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== Distribution and habitat ==
 
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Widely distributed but most commonly found in [[subtropical]] and [[temperate]] regions, especially the
 
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[[Northern Hemisphere]]. Since many species are [[horticulture|cultivated]] they have been [[introduced species|introduced]] in many regions and consequently worldwide, and a number have subsequently escaped and [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]].
 
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== Uses ==
 
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Liliales form important sources of food and [[pharmaceuticals]] as well as playing a significant role in [[horticulture]] and [[floriculture]].
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist|30em}}
 
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==Bibliography==
 
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{{refbegin|30em}}
 
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* {{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |accessdate=2010-12-10 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x|ref={{harvid|APG III|2009}} }}
 
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* {{citation |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/aabc/v86n4/0001-3765-aabc-86-04-1657.pdf |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |year=2014 |author1=Flaviana J. De Lima |author2=Antônio A.F. Saraiva |author3=Maria A.P. Da Silva |author4=Renan A.M. Bantim |author5=Juliana M. Sayão |title=A new angiosperm from the Crato Formation (Araripe Basin, Brazil) and comments on the Early Cretaceous Monocotyledons|ref={{harvid|Flaviana et al|2014}}}}
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Givnish|first1=Thomas J.|last2=Zuluaga|first2=Alejandro|last3=Marques|first3=Isabel|last4=Lam|first4=Vivienne K. Y.|last5=Gomez|first5=Marybel Soto|last6=Iles|first6=William J. D.|last7=Ames|first7=Mercedes|last8=Spalink|first8=Daniel|last9=Moeller|first9=Jackson R.|last10=Briggs|first10=Barbara G.|last11=Lyon|first11=Stephanie P.|last12=Stevenson|first12=Dennis W.|last13=Zomlefer|first13=Wendy|last14=Graham|first14=Sean W.|authorlink1=Thomas J. Givnish|title=Phylogenomics and historical biogeography of the monocot order Liliales: out of Australia and through Antarctica|journal=[[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]]|date=December 2016|volume=32|issue=6|pages=581–605|doi=10.1111/cla.12153}}
 
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* {{cite book|author1=W. S. Judd |author2=C. S. Campbell |author3=E. A. Kellogg |author4=P. F. Stevens |author5=M. J. Donoghue | year = 2002| title = Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 2nd edition|publisher = Sinauer Associates,  Sunderland, Massachusetts}} {{ISBN|0-87893-403-0}}.
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Jung Sung|last2=Hong|first2=Jeong-Ki|last3=Chase|first3=Mark W.|last4=Fay|first4=Michael F.|last5=Kim|first5=Joo-Hwan|title=Familial relationships of the monocot order Liliales based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis using four plastid loci: ''matK, rbcL, atpB and atpF-H''  |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=May 2013|volume=172|issue=1|pages=5–21|doi=10.1111/boj.12039|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264520873_Familial_relationships_of_the_monocot_order_Liliales_based_on_a_molecular_phylogenetic_analysis_using_four_plastid_loci_matK_rbcL_atpB_and_atpF-H|ref={{harvid|Kim et al.|2013a}}}}
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Jung Sung|last2=Kim|first2=Joo-Hwan|last3=Robinson-Rechavi|first3=Marc|title=Comparative Genome Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationship of Order Liliales Insight from the Complete Plastid Genome Sequences of Two Lilies (Lilium longiflorum and Alstroemeria aurea)|journal=[[PLoS ONE]]|date=14 June 2013|volume=8|issue=6|pages=e68180|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0068180|pmid=23950788|pmc=3688979}}
 
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* {{cite book| author = [[Karl Julius Perleb|K. J. Perleb]]| year = 1826 | title = Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs, 129| publisher = Magner, [[Freiburg|Freiburg im Breisgau]]}}
 
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* {{citation
 
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| last =Rudall
 
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| first =P.
 
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|last2=Stobart |first2=K. L. |last3=Hong |first3=. -P. |last4=Conran |first4=J. G. |author5=Furness, C. A. |author6=Kite, G. C. |author7=Chase, M. W.
 
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| pages =347–359
 
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| title =Consider the lilies: systematics of Liliales.
 
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| url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=10769694
 
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| ref={{harvid|Rudall et al|2000}}
 
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}}, in {{harvtxt|Wilson|Morrison|2000}}
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Sen|first1=Sumitra|title=Cytotaxonomy of Liliales|journal=Feddes Repertorium|date=1975|volume=86|issue=5|pages=255–305|doi=10.1002/fedr.19750860502}}
 
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* {{citation |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |authorlink=Peter F. Stevens|date=2016|origyear= 2001 |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden|url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APWeb/|accessdate=1 February 2016|ref=harv}}
 
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* {{citation
 
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| last =Stevenson
 
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| first =D. W.
 
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|last2=Davis |first2=J. I. |last3=Freudenstein |first3=J. V. |last4=Hardy |first4=C. R. |author5=Simmons, M. P. |author6=Specht, C. D.
 
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| editor =Wilson, K. L. |editor2=Morrison, D. A.
 
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| title =Monocots: Systematics and evolution.
 
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| publisher =CSIRO Publ.
 
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| year =2000
 
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| location =Collingwood, Australia
 
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| pages =17–24
 
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| chapter =A phylogenetic analysis of the monocotyledons based on morphological and molecular character sets, with comments on the placement of ''Acorus'' and Hydatellaceae.
 
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}}
 
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* {{cite web|last1=Traub|first1=Hamilton P|authorlink=Hamilton Traub|title=Liliales|url=http://www.britannica.com/plant/Liliales|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=2016}}
 
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* {{cite journal | first1 = A.|last1= Vinnersten|first2= K.|last2= Bremer | year = 2001| title = Age and biogeography of major clades in Liliales| journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 88| issue = 9| pages = 1695–1703| doi = 10.2307/3558415 | jstor = 3558415 | pmid = 21669704 |ref=harv}} (Available online: [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/9/1695])
 
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*{{cite book|editor1-last= Wilson|editor1-first= K. L. |editor2-last=Morrison |editor2-first=D. A.|title=Monocots: Systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, Sydney, Australia 1998)|year=2000|publisher=[[CSIRO]]|location=Collingwood, Australia|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/2424.htm|isbn=0-643-06437-0|accessdate=14 January 2014 |ref=harv}} [http://books.google.ca/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC Excerpts]
 
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{{refend}}
 
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{{Commons category}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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{{monocotyledons}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Liliales| ]]
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
 
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[[Category:Aptian first appearances]]
 
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[[Category:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances]]
 

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