Difference between revisions of "Malvales"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Malvales]]
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| taxon = Malvales
 
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| image = Alcea_setosa.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Alcea setosa]]''
 
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| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] ''ex'' [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Family (biology)|Families]]
 
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| subdivision =
 
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* [[Bixaceae]] (including Cochlospermaceae, Diegodendraceae)
 
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* [[Cistaceae]]
 
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* [[Cytinaceae]]<ref>Nickrent, Daniel L. "Cytinaceae are sister to Muntingiaceae (Malvales)", ''Taxon'' 56 (4): 1129-1135 (2007) ([http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2007/00000056/00000004/art00011 abstract])</ref>
 
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* [[Dipterocarpaceae]]
 
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* [[Malvaceae]]
 
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* [[Muntingiaceae]]
 
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* [[Neuradaceae]]
 
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* [[Sarcolaenaceae]]
 
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* [[Sphaerosepalaceae]]
 
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* [[Thymelaeaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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The '''Malvales''' are an [[Scientific classification|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s. As circumscribed by [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG II]]-system, the order includes about 6000 [[species]] within 9 [[Scientific classification|families]]. The order is placed in the [[eurosids II]], which are part of the [[eudicots]].
 
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The plants are mostly [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s; most of its families have a [[cosmopolitan distribution]] in the [[tropics]] and [[subtropics]], with limited expansion into [[temperate]] regions. An interesting distribution occurs in [[Madagascar]], where three endemic families of Malvales (Sphaerosepalaceae, Sarcolaenaceae and Diegodendraceae) occur.
 
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Many species of Malvaceae ''sensu lato'' are known for their wood, with that of ''[[Ochroma]]'' (balsa) being known for its lightness, and that of ''[[Tilia]]'' (lime, linden, or basswood) as a popular wood for carving. Fruit of the cacao tree (''[[Theobroma cacao]]'') are used as an ingredient for [[chocolate]]. Kola nuts (genus ''[[Kola nut|Cola]]'') are notable for their high content of [[caffeine]], and in past were commonly used for preparing of various cola drinks. Other well-known members of Malvales in the APG II sense are [[Daphne (plant)|daphnes]], [[hibiscus]], [[hollyhock]]s, [[okra]], [[Adansonia|baobab trees]], [[cotton]], and [[Kapok tree|kapok]].
 
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==Description==
 
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[[Image:2006 08 10 Hollyhock.JPG|right|thumb|''Hibiscus moscheutos'']]
 
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The [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] of Malvales is diverse, with few common characteristics. Among those most commonly encountered are [[leaf shape|palmate]] [[leaf|leaves]], connate [[sepal]]s, and a specific structure and chemical composition of the seeds. The [[Cortex (botany)|cortex]] is often fibrous, built of soft [[phloem]] layers.
 
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==Taxonomy==
 
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Early classifications such as that of [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]] placed the Malvales in the [[superorder]] Malviflorae (also called Malvanae). Family boundaries and circumscriptions of the "core" Malvales families, Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, Tiliaceae, and Sterculiaceae, have long been problematic. A close relationship among these families, and particularly Malvaceae and Bombacaceae, has generally been recognized, although until recently most classification systems have maintained them as separate families. With numerous molecular phylogenies showing Sterculiaceae, Bombacaceae, and Tiliaceae as traditionally defined are either paraphyletic or polyphyletic, a consensus has been emerging for a trend to expand Malvaceae to include these three families. This expanded circumscription of Malvaceae has been recognized in the most recent version of the [[Thorne system]], by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]], and in the most recent comprehensive treatment of vascular plant families and genera, the [[Kubitzki system]].<ref>Bayer, C. and K. Kubitzki. 2003. Malvaceae, pp.&nbsp;225–311. In K. Kubitzki (ed.), ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'', vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales.
 
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</ref>
 
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The dominant family in the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG II]]-system is the extended Malvaceae (Malvaceae ''sensu lato'') with over 4000 species, followed by Thymelaeaceae with 750 species. This expanded circumscription of [[Malvaceae]] is taken to include the families [[Bombacaceae]], [[Sterculiaceae]] and [[Tiliaceae]]. Under the older [[Cronquist system]] the order contained these four "core Malvales" families plus the [[Elaeocarpaceae]] and was placed among the [[Dilleniidae]]. Some of the currently included families were placed by Cronquist in the [[Violales]].
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist|30em}}
 
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==Bibliography==
 
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{{Refbegin|30em}}
 
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* Alverson, W. S., K. G. Karol, D. A. Baum, M. W. Chase, S. M. Swensen, R. McCourt, and K. J. Sytsma (1998). Circumscription of the Malvales and relationships to other Rosidae: Evidence from rbcL sequence data. ''American Journal of Botany'' '''85''', 876-887. (Available online: [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/85/6/876 Abstract])
 
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* Edlin, H. L. 1935. A critical revision of certain taxonomic groups of the Malvales. ''New Phytologist'' 34: 1-20, 122-143.
 
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* Judd, W.S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg, P. F. Stevens, M. J. Donoghue (2002). ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 2nd edition''. pp.&nbsp;405–410 (Malvales). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. {{ISBN|0-87893-403-0}}.
 
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* Kubitzki, K. and M. W. Chase. 2003. Introduction to Malvales, pp.&nbsp;12– 16. In K. Kubitzki (ed.), ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'', vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales.
 
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* [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph du Mortier|du Mortier, B. C. J.]] (1829). ''Analyse des Familles de Plantes, avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent'', p.&nbsp;43. Imprimerie de J. Casterman, Tournay.
 
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* Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M. J. (1992 onwards). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval]. http://delta-intkey.com
 
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* Whitlock, B. A. (October 2001). Malvales (Mallow). In: ''Nature Encyclopedia of Life Sciences''. Nature Publishing Group, London. (Available online: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npg.els.0003727 DOI] | [http://www.els.net/ ELS site])
 
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{{Refend}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{Wikispecies}}
 
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{{Commons category}}
 
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* [http://tolweb.org/Malvales/21050 Tree of Life Malvales]
 
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{{Taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Malvales| ]]
 
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[[Category:Rosid orders]]
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
 

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