Difference between revisions of "Saxifragales"

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{{automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Saxifragales]]
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| image = Corylopsis pauciflora0.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''Corylopsis pauciflora''
 
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| display_parents = 2
 
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| taxon = Saxifragales
 
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| authority = [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph du Mortier|Dumortier]]
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Families
 
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| subdivision =
 
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{{hidden begin|toggle=left}}
 
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As of the [[APG III system]]:
 
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*[[Altingiaceae]]
 
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*[[Aphanopetalaceae]]
 
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*[[Cercidiphyllaceae]]
 
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*[[Crassulaceae]]
 
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*[[Daphniphyllaceae]]
 
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*[[Grossulariaceae]]
 
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*[[Haloragaceae]]
 
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*[[Hamamelidaceae]]
 
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*[[Iteaceae]] (including [[Pterostemonaceae]])
 
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*[[Paeoniaceae]]
 
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*[[Penthoraceae]]
 
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*[[Peridiscaceae]] (including [[Medusandraceae]])
 
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*[[Saxifragaceae]]
 
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*[[Tetracarpaeaceae]]
 
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{{hidden end}}
 
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| synonyms = Cercidiphyllales, Crassulales, Daphniphyllales, Grossulariales, Haloragales, Hamamelidales, Iteales, Paeoniales, Sedales
 
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}}
 
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The '''Saxifragales''' are an [[Order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s.<ref name="soltis2005">{{Cite book |first1=Douglas E. |last1=Soltis |authorlink1 = Douglas E. Soltis |first2=Pamela S. |last2=Soltis |authorlink2=Pamela S. Soltis |first3=Peter K. |last3=Endress |first4=Mark W. |last4=Chase |authorlink4=Mark Wayne Chase | year = 2005 | title = Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms | publisher = Sinauer | publication-place = Sunderland, MA, USA | isbn = 978-0-87893-817-9 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref> Their closest relatives are a large [[eudicot]] group known as the [[rosids]] by the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|definition]] of rosids given in the [[APG II]] [[History of plant systematics|classification system]].<ref name="wang2009">{{Cite journal | author = Hengchang Wang, Michael J. Moore, [[Pamela S. Soltis]], Charles D. Bell, Samuel F. Brockington, Roolse Alexandre, Charles C. Davis, Maribeth Latvis, Steven R. Manchester, and [[Douglas E. Soltis]] | title = Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 10 | pages = 3853–3858 | date = 10 Mar 2009| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0813376106 | pmid = 19223592 | pmc = 2644257 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref> Some authors define the rosids more widely, including Saxifragales as their most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] group.<ref name="burleigh2009">{{Cite journal |author1=J. Gordon Burleigh |author2=Khidir W. Hilu |author3=Douglas E. Soltis |authorlink3=Douglas E. Soltis |last-author-amp=yes | year = 2009 | title = Inferring phylogenies with incomplete data sets: a 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 9 | contribution = File 7 | contribution-url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1471-2148-9-61-S7.pdf | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-9-61 | pmc = 2674047 | pages = 61 | pmid = 19292928 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} | issue=1}}</ref> Saxifragales is one of the eight groups that compose the [[core eudicots]]. The others are [[Gunnerales]], [[Dilleniaceae]], [[Rosids]], [[Santalales]], [[Berberidopsidales]], [[Caryophyllales]], and [[asterids]].<ref name="trees">Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. "Trees". At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below).</ref>
 
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Saxifragales have an extensive [[fossil]] record.<ref name="hermsen2006">Elizabeth J. Hermsen, María A. Gandolfo, Kevin C. Nixon, and William L. Crepet. 2006. "The impact of extinct taxa on understanding the early evolution of angiosperm clades: An example incorporating fossil reproductive structures of Saxifragales". ''Plant Systematics and Evolution 260:141–169.</ref><ref name="hermsen2003">{{cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.90.9.1373 | last1 = Hermsen | first1 = Elizabeth J. | last2 = Gandolfo | first2 = María A. | last3 = Nixon | first3 = Kevin C. | last4 = Crepet | first4 = William L. | year = 2003 | title = ''Divisestylus'' genus novus (Affinity Iteaceae), a fossil saxifrage from the Late Cretaceous of New Jersey, USA | url = | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 90 | issue = 9| pages = 1373–1388 | pmid = 21659237 }}</ref><ref name="pigg2004">{{cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.3.499 | last1 = Pigg | first1 = Kathleen B. | last2 = Ickert-Bond | first2 = Stephanie M. | last3 = Wen | first3 = Jun | year = 2004 | title = Anatomically preserved ''Liquidambar'' (Altingiaceae) from the middle Miocene of Yakima Canyon, Washington State, USA, and its biogeographic implications | url = | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 3| pages = 499–509 | pmid = 21653405 }}</ref><ref name="hernandez-castillo1999">{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2656670 | last1 = Hernández-Castillo | first1 = Genaro R. | last2 = Cevallos-Ferriz | first2 = Sergio R.S. | year = 1999 | title = Reproductive and vegetative organs with affinities to Haloragaceae from the Upper Cretaceous Huepac Chert Locality of Sonora, Mexico | jstor = 2656670| journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 86 | issue = 12| pages = 1717–1734 | pmid = 10602765 }}</ref><ref name="crane1989">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00936916 | last1 = Crane | first1 = Peter R. | year = 1989 | title = Paleobotanical evidence on the early radiation of nonmagnoliid dicotyledons | url = | journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume = 162 | issue = | pages = 165–191 }}</ref><ref name="endress1989">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00936917 | last1 = Endress | first1 = Peter K. | year = 1989 | title = Aspects of evolutionary differentiation of the Hamamelidaceae and the Lower Hamamelididae | url = | journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume = 162 | issue = | pages = 193–211 }}</ref> The [[Extant taxon|extant]] members are apparently remnants of a formerly [[Biodiversity|diverse]] and [[Cosmopolitan distribution|widespread]] order.<ref name="kubitzki2007">Klaus Kubitzki. 2007. "Introduction to Saxifragales". pages 15-18. In:  Klaus Kubitski (editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume IX. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref>
 
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The Saxifragales order, as it is now understood, is based upon the results of [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies of [[DNA sequence]]s. It is not part of any of the [[Systematics|classification systems]] based on [[plant morphology]]. The group is much in need of [[Comparative anatomy|comparative anatomical]] study, especially in light of the recent expansion of the family [[Peridiscaceae]] to include ''[[Medusandra]]'', a genus that before 2009 had usually not been placed in Saxifragales.<ref name="wurdack2009">Kenneth J. Wurdack and Charles C. Davis. 2009. "Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life." ''American Journal of Botany'' '''96'''(8):1551-1570. (see ''External links'' below)</ref>
 
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The order is divided into [[Taxonomic rank|suprafamilial]] groups as shown on the [[phylogenetic tree]] below. These groups are informal and are not understood to have any particular [[taxonomic rank]].
 
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== Families ==
 
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Saxifragales contain about 2470 species.<ref name="jian2008">Shuguang Jian, [[Pamela S. Soltis]], Matthew A. Gitzendanner, Michael J. Moore, Ruiqi Li, Tory A. Hendry, Yin-Long Qiu, Amit Dhingra, Charles D. Bell, and [[Douglas E. Soltis]]. 2008. "Resolving an Ancient, Rapid Radiation in Saxifragales". ''Systematic Biology'' '''57'''(1):38-57. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> These are distributed into 15 families,<ref name="kubitzki2007"/> or into 12 families if [[Haloragaceae]] ''[[sensu lato]]'' is recognized as a family consisting of Haloragaceae ''[[sensu stricto]]'', ''[[Penthorum]]'', ''[[Tetracarpaea]]'', and ''[[Aphanopetalum]]''.<ref name="jian2008"/> About 95% of the species are in five families: [[Crassulaceae]] (1400), [[Saxifragaceae]]  (500), [[Grossulariaceae]] (150 - 200), [[Haloragaceae]] (150), and [[Hamamelidaceae]] (100). Most of the families are [[Monotype (biology)|monogeneric]]. The number of genera in each family is:
 
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{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
 
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*[[Altingiaceae]] (3),
 
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*[[Aphanopetalaceae]] (1),
 
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*[[Cercidiphyllaceae]] (1),
 
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*[[Crassulaceae]] (34),
 
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*[[Daphniphyllaceae]] (1),
 
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*[[Grossulariaceae]] (1),
 
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*[[Haloragaceae]] (8),
 
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*[[Hamamelidaceae]] (27),
 
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*[[Iteaceae]] (2),
 
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*[[Paeoniaceae]] (1),
 
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*[[Penthoraceae]] (1),
 
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*[[Peridiscaceae]] (4),
 
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*[[Pterostemonaceae]] (1), and
 
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*[[Saxifragaceae]] (33),
 
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*[[Tetracarpaeaceae]] (1).
 
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:<sup>List source : </sup><ref name="saxifragalesweb">Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. "Saxifragales" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below).</ref>
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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Some authors do not recognize ''Choristylis'' as a separate genus from ''[[Itea (plant)|Itea]]''.<ref name="itea">Klaus Kubitzki. 2007. "Iteaceae". pages 202-204. In: Klaus Kubitski (editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume IX. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref> Similarly, some authors sink ''[[Liquidambar]]'' and ''[[Semiliquidambar]]'' into ''[[Altingia]]''.<ref name="ickert-bond2006">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.003 | last1 = Ickert-Bond | first1 = Stephanie M. | last2 = Wen | first2 = Jun | year = 2006 | title = Phylogeny and biogeography of Altingiaceae: Evidence from combined analysis of five non-coding chloroplast regions | url = | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 39 | issue = 2| pages = 512–528 | pmid = 16439163 }}</ref> Thus Altingiaceae and Iteaceae are monogeneric in some classifications.
 
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== History ==
 
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Within the Saxifragales is a suprafamilial group known as the Saxifragaceae alliance. It comprises four families: Pterostemonaceae, Iteaceae, Grossulariaceae, and Saxifragaceae.<ref name="jian2008"/> These have long been known to be related to each other, but the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of Saxifragaceae has changed dramatically. It is now a much smaller family than it had been.<ref name="soltis2001">{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3298639 | last1 = Soltis | first1 = Douglas E. |authorlink1=Douglas E. Soltis | last2 = Kuzoff | first2 = Robert K. | last3 = Mort | first3 = Mark E. | last4 = Zanis | first4 = Michael | last5 = Fishbein | first5 = Mark | last6 = Hufford | first6 = Larry | last7 = Koontz | first7 = Jason | last8 = Arroyo | first8 = Mary K. | year = 2001 | title = Elucidating deep-level phylogenetic relationships in Saxifragaceae using sequences for six chloroplastic and nuclear DNA regions | jstor = 3298639| journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 88 | issue = 4| pages = 669–693 }}</ref> Crassulaceae <ref name="eggli2007">Joachim Thiede and Urs Eggli. 2007. "Crassulaceae". pages 83-118. In: Klaus Kubitski (editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume IX. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref> and Tetracarpaeaceae <ref name="hils1988">{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2444685 | last1 = Hils | first1 = Matthew H. | last2 = Dickison | first2 = William C. | last3 = Lucansky | first3 = Terry W. | last4 = William Louis | first4 = Stern | year = 1988 | title = Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae: Tetracarpaea | jstor = 2444685| journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 75 | issue = 11| pages = 1687–1700 }}</ref> have long been associated with Saxifragaceae. ''Penthorum'' has usually been associated with Crassulaceae, but sometimes with Saxifragaceae.<ref name="thiede2007">Joachim Thiede. 2007. "Penthoraceae". pages 292-296. In: Klaus Kubitski (editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume IX. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref>
 
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Two members of the core Saxifragales had sometimes been placed near Saxifragaceae, but usually elsewhere. ''[[Aphanopetalum]]'' was often placed in [[Cunoniaceae]], a family in [[Oxalidales]], even though there were good reasons to put it in Saxifragales.<ref name="dickison1994">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1994.tb01930.x | last1 = Dickison | first1 = William C. | last2 = Hils | first2 = Matthew H. | last3 = Lucansky | first3 = Terry W. | last4 = William Louis | first4 = Stern | year = 1994 | title = Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae: Aphanopetalum | url = | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 114 | issue = 2| pages = 167–182 }}</ref> ''Aphanopetalum'' is now excluded from Cunoniaceae.<ref name="bradford2004">Jason C. Bradford, Helen C. Fortune-Hopkins, and Richard W. Barnes. 2004. "Cunoniaceae". pages 91-111. In: Klaus Kubitski (editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VI. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref> Haloragaceae was often thought to be a family in [[Myrtales]],<ref name="haloragis">Klaus Kubitzki. 2007. "Haloragaceae". pages 184-190. In: Klaus Kubitski (editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume IX. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref> but it is no longer included in that order.<ref name="moody2007">{{cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.94.12.2005 | last1 = Moody | first1 = Michael L. | last2 = Les | first2 = Donald H. | year = 2007 | title = Phylogenetic systematics and character evolution in the angiosperm family Haloragaceae | url = | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 94 | issue = 12| pages = 2005–2025 | pmid = 21636395 }}</ref>
 
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Cercidiphyllaceae had for a long time been associated with Hamamelidaceae and [[Trochodendraceae]] and was often thought to be closer to the latter.<ref name="endress1986">{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2399115 | last1 = Endress | first1 = Peter K. | year = 1986 | title = Floral structure, systematics and phylogeny in Trochodendrales | jstor = 2399115| journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 73 | issue = 2| pages = 297–324 }}</ref> Cercidiphyllaceae is now known to be a member of the woody [[clade]] of Saxifragales, along with Hamamelidaceae, Altingiaceae, and Daphniphyllaceae, but Trochodendraceae is in the [[basal eudicot]] order [[Trochodendrales]].<ref name="worberg2007">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.ode.2006.08.001 | last1 = Worberg | first1 = Andreas | last2 = Quandt | first2 = Dietmar | last3 = Anna- | first3 =  Anna-Magdalena| last4 = Barniske | first4 = Magdalena | last5 = Löhne | first5 = Cornelia | last6 = Hilu | first6 = Khidir W. | last7 = Borsch | first7 = Thomas | year = 2007 | title = Phylogeny of basal eudicots: Insights from non-coding and rapidly evolving DNA | url = | journal = Organisms Diversity and Evolution | volume = 7 | issue = 1| pages = 55–77 }}</ref> Altingiaceae was usually not separated from Hamamelidaceae until [[phylogenetic]] studies showed that its inclusion might make Hamamelidaceae [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]]. The recognition of Altingiaceae as a separate family received strong statistical support in 2008.<ref name="jian2008"/>
 
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''Daphniphyllum'' was always thought to have an anomalous combination of characters <ref name="huang1965">{{cite journal | last1 = Tseng-Chieng | first1 = Huang | year = 1965 | title = Monograph of Daphniphyllum (I) | url = | journal = Taiwania | volume = 11 | issue = | pages = 57–98 }}</ref><ref name="huang1966">{{cite journal | last1 = Tseng-Chieng | first1 = Huang | year = 1966 | title = Monograph of Daphniphyllum (II) | url = | journal = Taiwania | volume = 12 | issue = | pages = 137–234 }}</ref> and it was placed in several different orders before [[molecular phylogenetic]] analysis showed it to belong to Saxifragales.<ref name="daphniphyllum">Klaus Kubitzki. 2007. "Daphniphyllaceae". pages 127-128. In: Klaus Kubitski (editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume IX. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref>
 
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Paeoniaceae possesses many [[autapomorphy|unique]] features and its taxonomic position was for a long time controversial.<ref name="tamura2007">Michio Tamura. 2007. "Paeoniaceae". pages 265-269. In: Klaus Kubitski (editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume IX. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref> The idea has long persisted that ''[[Peony|Paeonia]]'' belongs in [[Ranunculales]], close to ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium]]''.<ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK.</ref><ref name="halda2004">Josef J. Halda and James W. Waddick. 2004. ''The genus Paeonia''. Timber Press: Oregon, USA.</ref> Paeoniaceae has been shown unequivocally to belong in Saxifragales,<ref name="jian2008"/> while ''Glaucidium'' is in the family [[Ranunculaceae]].<ref name="weiwang2009">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.ppees.2009.01.001 | author = Wei Wang |author2=An-Ming Lu |author3=Yi Ren |author4=Mary E. Endress |author5=Zhi-Duan Chen | year = 2009 | title = Phylogeny and Classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data | url = | journal = Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics | volume = 11 | issue = 2| pages = 81–110 }}</ref>
 
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The family Peridiscaceae underwent radical shifting and recircumscription from 2003 to 2009. Originally, it consisted of two closely related genera, ''[[Peridiscus]]'' and ''[[Whittonia]]''. The [[APG II]] system placed the family in [[Malpighiales]], based on a [[DNA sequence]] for the [[RuBisCO|''rbcL'']] [[gene]] from ''Whittonia''. This sequence turned out to be not from ''Whittonia'', but from other plants whose [[DNA]] had contaminated the sample.<ref name="davis2004">{{cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.2.262 | last1 = Davis | first1 = Charles C. | last2 = Chase | first2 = Mark W. |authorlink2=Mark Wayne Chase | year = 2004 | title = Elatinaceae are sister to Malpighiaceae; Peridiscaceae belong to Saxifragales | url = | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 2| pages = 262–273 | pmid = 21653382 }}</ref> After Peridiscaceae was finally placed in Saxifragales, it was expanded to include ''[[Soyauxia]]'' in 2007,<ref name="soltis2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Soltis | first1 = Douglas E. |authorlink1=Douglas E. Soltis | last2 = Clayton | first2 = Joshua W. | last3 = Davis | first3 = Charles C. | last4 = Gitzendanner | first4 = Matthew A. | last5 = Cheek | first5 = Martin | last6 = Savolainen | first6 = Vincent | last7 = Amorim | first7 = André M. | last8 = Soltis | first8 = Pamela S. | authorlink8 = Pamela S. Soltis|year = 2007 | title = Monophyly and relationships of the enigmatic family Peridiscaceae | url = | journal = Taxon | volume = 56 | issue = 1| pages = 65–73 }}</ref> and expanded again to include ''[[Medusandra]]'' in 2009.<ref name="wurdack2009"/>
 
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== Phylogeny ==
 
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The [[phylogeny]] shown below is based on the one published by Shuguang Jian and coauthors in 2008.<ref name="jian2008"/> All branches have 100% [[maximum likelihood]] [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap support]] except where labeled with bootstrap percentage. Monogeneric families are represented by genus names.
 
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{{clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:120%
 
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|label1='''Saxifragales'''
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1=[[Peridiscaceae]]
 
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  |label2=&nbsp;97&nbsp;
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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      |label1=&nbsp;woody&nbsp;clade&nbsp;
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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        |1=''[[Peony|Paeonia]]''
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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            |1=[[Altingiaceae]]
 
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            |label2=&nbsp;69&nbsp;
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |label1=&nbsp;98&nbsp;
 
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              |1=[[Hamamelidaceae]]
 
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              |label2=&nbsp;95&nbsp;
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Cercidiphyllum]]''
 
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                  |2=''[[Daphniphyllum]]''
 
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                  }}
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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        }}
 
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      |label2=&nbsp;core&nbsp;Saxifragales&nbsp;
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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            |1=[[Crassulaceae]]
 
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            |label2=&nbsp;Haloragaceae&nbsp;sensu&nbsp;lato&nbsp;
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Aphanopetalum]]''
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Tetracarpaea]]''
 
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                  |2={{clade
 
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                    |1=''[[Penthorum]]''
 
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                    |2=[[Haloragaceae]]
 
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                    }}
 
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                  }}
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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        |label2=&nbsp;Saxifragaceae&nbsp;alliance&nbsp;
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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            |1={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Pterostemon]]''
 
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              |2=[[Iteaceae]]
 
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              }}
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Ribes]]''
 
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              |2=[[Saxifragaceae]]
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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== References ==
 
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{{reflist|30em}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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* plant order classification at:  [http://www.jrwebinfo.com/saxifragales Saxifragales]
 
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html#Trees Trees] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] At: [http://www.mobot.org Missoure Botanical Garden Website]
 
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/saxifragalesweb.htm#Saxifragales Saxifragales] At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
 
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* {{cite journal |doi=10.3732/ajb.0800207| PMID= 21628300 | volume=96 | issue=8 | title=Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life | date=August 2009 | pages=1551–70 | journal=American Journal of Botany}}
 
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* {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/10635150801888871 | PMID =18275001 | volume=57 | issue=1 | title=Resolving an ancient, rapid radiation in Saxifragales | date=February 2008 | pages=38–57 | journal=Systematic Biology}}
 
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[[Category:Saxifragales| ]]
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
 
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[[hu:Kőtörőfüvek]]
 

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