Difference between revisions of "Malpighiales"

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
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#redirect [[:Category:Malpighiales]]
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{{Automatic taxobox
 
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| taxon = Malpighiales
 
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| fossil_range= Mid [[Cretaceous]] – Recent {{fossilrange|100|0}}
 
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| image =Starr_010309-0546_Calophyllum_inophyllum.jpg
 
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| image_caption = Flower of ''[[Calophyllum inophyllum]]'' ([[Calophyllaceae]])
 
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| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] ''ex'' [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]<ref name="apgiii"/>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Families
 
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| subdivision =
 
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*[[Achariaceae]]
 
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*[[Balanopaceae]]
 
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*[[Bonnetiaceae]]
 
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*[[Calophyllaceae]]
 
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*[[Caryocaraceae]]
 
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*[[Centroplacaceae]]
 
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*[[Chrysobalanaceae]]
 
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*[[Clusiaceae]]
 
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*[[Ctenolophonaceae]]
 
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*[[Dichapetalaceae]]
 
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*[[Elatinaceae]]
 
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*[[Erythroxylaceae]]
 
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*[[Euphorbiaceae]]
 
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*[[Euphroniaceae]]
 
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*[[Goupiaceae]]
 
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*[[Humiriaceae]]
 
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*[[Hypericaceae]]
 
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*[[Irvingiaceae]]
 
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*[[Ixonanthaceae]]
 
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*[[Lacistemataceae]]
 
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*[[Linaceae]]
 
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*[[Lophopyxidaceae]]
 
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*[[Malesherbiaceae]]
 
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*[[Malpighiaceae]]
 
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*[[Medusagynaceae]]
 
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*[[Ochnaceae]]
 
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*[[Pandaceae]]
 
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*[[Passifloraceae]]
 
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*[[Peraceae]]
 
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*[[Phyllanthaceae]]
 
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*[[Picrodendraceae]]
 
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*[[Podostemaceae]]
 
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*[[Putranjivaceae]]
 
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*[[Quiinaceae]]
 
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*[[Rafflesiaceae]]
 
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*[[Rhizophoraceae]]
 
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*[[Salicaceae]]
 
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*[[Trigoniaceae]]
 
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*[[Turneraceae]]
 
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*[[Violaceae]]
 
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| synonyms = Rhizophorales
 
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}}
 
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[[File:Aspidopterys cordata W IMG 2632.jpg|thumb|''[[Aspidopterys cordata]]'' ([[Malpighiaceae]])]]
 
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The '''Malpighiales''' comprise one of the largest [[Order (biology)|orders]] of [[flowering plant]]s, containing about {{formatnum:16000}} [[species]], about 7.8% of the [[eudicots]].<ref name="malpighiales">Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/malpighialesweb.htm#Malpighiales Malpighiales] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] At: [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden Website]</ref> The order is very diverse, containing plants as different as the willow, violet, ''[[Poinsettia]]'', and coca plant, and are hard to recognize except with [[molecular phylogenetic]] evidence. It is not part of any of the [[Systematics|classification]] systems based only on [[plant morphology]]. [[Molecular clock]] calculations estimate the origin of [[stem group]] Malpighiales at around 100 million years ago ([[mya (unit)|Mya]]) and the origin of [[crown group]] Malpighiales at about 90 Mya.<ref name="magallon2009">{{citation |author1=Susana Magallón  |author2=Amanda Castillo  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2009 | title = Angiosperm diversification through time | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 96 | issue = 1 | pages = 349–365 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.0800060 | pmid = 21628193 }}</ref>
 
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The Malpighiales are divided into 32 to 42 [[Family (biology)|families]], depending upon which [[clade]]s in the order are given the [[taxonomic rank]] of family.<ref name="wurdack2009">{{citation |author1=Kenneth J. Wurdack  |author2=Charles C. Davis  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2009 | title = Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 96 | issue = 8 | pages = 1551–1570 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.0800207 | pmid = 21628300 }}</ref> In the [[APG III system]], 35 families are recognized.<ref name="apgiii">{{cite journal | author = Angiosperm Phylogeny Group | year = 2009 | title = An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III | url = | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 161 | issue = 2| pages = 105–121 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref> Medusagynaceae, Quiinaceae, Peraceae, Malesherbiaceae, Turneraceae, Samydaceae, and Scyphostegiaceae are consolidated into other families. The largest family, by far, is the [[Euphorbiaceae]], with about 6300 species in about 245 [[genera]].<ref name="radcliffe-smith2001">Alan Radcliffe-Smith. 2001. ''Genera Euphorbiacearum''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, England.</ref>
 
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In a 2009 [[Research|study]] of [[DNA sequence]]s of 13 [[gene]]s, 42 families were placed into 16 [[clade|groups]], ranging in size from one to 10 families. Almost nothing is known about the relationships among these 16 groups.<ref name="wurdack2009"/> Malpighiales and [[Lamiales]] are the two large orders whose [[phylogeny]] remains mostly unresolved.<ref name="soltis2005">{{citation |first1=Douglas E. |last1=Soltis |authorlink1=Douglas E. Soltis |first2=Pamela S. |last2=Soltis |authorlink2 =Pamela S. Soltis |first3=Peter K. |last3=Endress |first4=Mark W. |last4=Chase |authorlink4=Mark Wayne Chase | year = 2005 | title = Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms | publisher = Sinauer | publication-place = Sunderland, MA, USA | isbn = 978-0-87893-817-9 }}</ref>
 
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== Affinities ==
 
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Malpighiales is a member of a [[Taxonomic rank|supraordinal]] group called the COM clade, which consists of the orders [[Celastrales]], [[Oxalidales]], and Malpighiales.<ref name="wang2009">{{citation |author1=Hengchang Wang |author2=Michael J. Moore |author3=Pamela S. Soltis |author4=Charles D. Bell |author5=Samuel F. Brockington |author6=Roolse Alexandre |author7=Charles C. Davis |author8=Maribeth Latvis |author9=Steven R. Manchester |author10=Douglas E. Soltis  |last-author-amp=yes | title = Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 10 | pages = 3853–3858 | date = 10 Mar 2009 | url = http://www.pnas.org/content/106/10/3853.abstract?etoc | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0813376106 | pmid = 19223592 | pmc = 2644257 }}</ref> Some describe it as containing a fourth order, [[Huales]], separating the family [[Huaceae]] into its own order, separate from Oxalidales.<ref name="doweld2001">Alexander B. Doweld. 2001. ''Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta)''. Geos: Moscow, Russia.</ref>
 
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Some recent studies have placed Malpighiales as [[Cladistics#Cladograms|sister]] to Oxalidales ''[[sensu lato]]'' (including Huaceae),<ref name="wurdack2009"/><ref name="z&s2006">{{citation |author1=Li-Bing Zhang  |author2=Mark P. Simmons  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2006 | title = Phylogeny and delimitation of the Celastrales inferred from nuclear and plastid genes | journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 122–137 | doi = 10.1600/036364406775971778 }}</ref> while others have found a different [[topology]] for the COM clade.<ref name="magallon2009"/><ref name="wang2009"/><ref name="burleigh2009">{{citation |author1=J. Gordon Burleigh |author2=Khidir W. Hilu |author3=Douglas E. Soltis  |last-author-amp=yes | year = 2009 | title = Inferring phylogenies with incomplete data sets: a 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 9 | contribution = File 7 | contribution-url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1471-2148-9-61-S7.pdf | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-9-61 | pmc = 2674047 | pages = 61 | pmid = 19292928 }}</ref>
 
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The COM clade is part of an [[Taxonomic rank|unranked]] group known as [[Fabidae]] or [[eurosids I]].<ref name="cantino2007">{{citation | doi = 10.2307/25065865 |author1=Philip D. Cantino |author2=James A. Doyle |author3=Sean W. Graham |author4=Walter S. Judd |author5=Richard G. Olmstead |author6=Douglas E. Soltis |author7=Pamela S. Soltis |author8=Michael J. Donoghue  |last-author-amp=yes | year = 2007 | title = Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of ''Tracheophyta'' | journal = Taxon | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 822–846. | url = http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2007/164_Cantino_Taxon07.pdf }}</ref> The fabids, in turn, are part of a group that has long been recognized, namely, the [[rosids]].<ref name="apweb">{{citation | author = Peter F. Stevens | date = 2001 onwards | url = http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html | title = Angiosperm Phylogeny Website }}</ref>
 
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== History ==
 
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The great French botanist [[Charles Plumier]] named the genus ''[[Malpighia]]'' in honor of [[Marcello Malpighi]]'s work on plants; ''Malpighia'' is the [[type genus]] for the [[Malpighiaceae]], a family of tropical and subtropical flowering plants.
 
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The family Malpighiaceae was the [[Biological type|type family]] for one of the orders created by [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu]] in his 1789 work ''Genera Plantarum''.<ref name="jussieu1789">{{citation | author = Antoine Laurent de Jussieu | year = 1789 | title = Genera Plantarum | page = 252 | publisher = Herrisant and Barrois | place = Paris | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qjUhAAAAYAAJ&dq=antonii+laurentii+genera+plantarum&printsec=frontcover&q= }}</ref> [[Friedrich von Berchtold]] and [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|Jan Presl]] described such an order in 1820.<ref name="reveal2008">{{citation | author = James L. Reveal | date = 2008 onward | contribution = A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants | title = Home page of James L Reveal and C. Rose Broome | url = http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal | contribution-url = http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/supgennames.html }}</ref> Unlike modern [[taxonomist]]s, these authors did not use the suffix "ales" in naming their orders. The name "Malpighiales" is attributed by some to [[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Carl von Martius]].<ref name="apweb"/> In the 20th century, it was usually associated with [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]], who used it in all three editions of his book, ''The Families of Flowering Plants''.<ref name="hutchinson1973">John Hutchinson ''The Families of Flowering Plants'' 3rd edition. 1973. Oxford University Press.</ref> The name was not used by those who wrote later, in the 1970s, '80s, and '90s.
 
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The taxon was largely presaged by [[Hans Hallier]] in 1912 in an article in the ''Archiv. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat.'' titled "L'Origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes", in which his Passionales and Polygalinae were derived from Linaceae (in Guttales), with Passionales containing seven (of eight) families that also appear in the current Malpighiales, namely Passifloraceae, Salicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Achariaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Malesherbiaceae, and Turneraceae, and  Polygalinae containing four (of 10) families that also appear in the current Malpighiales, namely Malpighiaceae, Violaceae, Dichapetalaceae, and Trigoniaceae.<ref>Lawrence, George. 1960. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants, p. 132. Macmillan, New York</ref>
 
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The first semblance of Malpighiales as now known came from a phylogeny of [[Spermatophyte|seed plants]] published in 1993 and based upon [[DNA sequence]]s of the gene [[RuBisCO|''rbcL'']].<ref name="chase1993">Mark W. Chase et alii (42 authors). 1993. "Phylogenetics of seed plants: An analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' '''80'''(3):528-580.</ref> This study recovered a group of rosids unlike any group found in any previous system of [[Biological classification|plant classification]]. To make a clear break with [[Plant taxonomy|classification]] systems being used at that time, the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] [[resurrection|resurrected]] Hutchinson's name,  though his concept of Malpighiales included much of what is now in Celastrales and Oxalidales.<ref name="apgii">{{citation | author = The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group | year = 2003 | title = An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 141 | issue = 4 | pages = 399–436 | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118872219/PDFSTART | doi = 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x }}</ref>
 
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== Circumscription ==
 
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Malpighiales is [[monophyletic]] and in [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies, it receives strong statistical support.<ref name="malpighiales"/> Since the APG II system was published in 2003, minor changes to the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the order have been made. The family [[Peridiscaceae]] has been expanded from two genera to three, and then to four, and transferred to [[Saxifragales]].<ref name="wurdack2009"/><ref name="soltis2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Soltis | first1 = Douglas E. | last2 = Clayton | first2 = Joshua W. | last3 = Davis | first3 = Charles C. | last4 = Gitzendanner | first4 = Matthew A. | last5 = Cheek | first5 = Martin | last6 = Savolainen | first6 = Vincent | last7 = Amorim | first7 = André M. | last8 = Soltis | first8 = Pamela S. | year = 2007 | title = Monophyly and relationships of the enigmatic family Peridiscaceae | url = | journal = Taxon | volume = 56 | issue = 1| pages = 65–73 }}</ref>
 
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The genera ''[[Cyrillopsis]]'' ([[Ixonanthaceae]]), ''[[Centroplacus]]'' ([[Centroplacaceae]]), ''[[Bhesa]]'' (Centroplacaceae), ''[[Aneulophus]]'' ([[Erythroxylaceae]]), ''[[Ploiarium]]'' ([[Bonnetiaceae]]), ''[[Trichostephanus]]'' ([[Samydaceae]]), ''[[Sapria]]'' ([[Rafflesiaceae]]), ''[[Rhizanthes]]'' (Rafflesiaceae), and ''[[Rafflesia]]'' (Rafflesiaceae) had been either added or confirmed as members of Malpighiales by the end of 2009.<ref name="wurdack2009"/>
 
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Some family delimitations have changed, as well, most notably, the [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregation]] of [[Calophyllaceae]] from [[Clusiaceae]] ''sensu lato'' when it was shown that the latter is [[paraphyletic]].<ref name="wurdack2009"/> Some differences of opinion on family delimitation exist, as well. For example, [[Samydaceae]] and [[Scyphostegiaceae]] may be recognized as families or included in a large version of [[Salicaceae]].<ref name="alford2007">Mac H. Alford. 2007. "[http://www.tolweb.org/Samydaceae/68361 Samydaceae]". Version 6 February 2007". In: The Tree of Life Web Project.</ref>
 
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The group is difficult to characterize phenotypically, although members often have dentate leaves, with the teeth having  a single vein running into a congested and often deciduous apex (i.e., violoid, salicoid, or theoid).<ref name="Judd, W.S. 2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Judd | first1 = W.S. | last2 = Olmstead | first2 = R.G. | year = 2004 | title = A survey of tricolpate(eudicot) phylogenetic relationships | url = | journal = Amer. J. Bot. | volume = 91 | issue = | pages = 1627–1644 | doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1627 | pmid=21652313}}</ref> Also, zeylanol  has recently been discovered in ''Balanops'' and ''Dichapetalum'' <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Darbah | first1 = V. F. | last2 = Oppong | first2 = E. K. | last3 = Eminah | first3 = J. K. | year = 2012 | title = Chemical investigation of the stem bark of Dichapetalum magascariennse Poir | url = | journal = International Journal of Applied Chemistry | volume = 8 | issue = 3| pages = 199–207 }}</ref> which are in the balanops clade (so-called Chrysobalanaceae s. l.). The so-called parietal suborder (the clusioid clade and Ochnaceae s. l. were also part of Parietales) corresponds with the traditional Violales as 8 (Achariaceae, Violaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Lacistemataceae, Scyphostegiaceae, Turneraceae, Malesherbiaceae, and Passifloraceae) of the order's 10 families along with Salicaceae, which have usually been assigned as a related order or suborder,<ref>Brummitt, 1992. Vascular Plant Families and Genera. Kew.</ref> are in this most derived malpighian suborder, so that eight of the 10 families of this suborder are Violales. The Flacourtiaceae family has proven to be polyphyletic as the cyanogenic members have been placed in Achariaceae and the ones with salicoid teeth were transferred to Salicaceae.<ref name="Judd, W.S. 2004"/>
 
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== Phylogeny ==
 
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===2009===
 
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As of 2009, the phylogeny of Malpighiales is, at its [[Basal (phylogenetics)|deepest]] level, an unresolved [[polytomy]] of 16 clades. It has been estimated that complete resolution of the phylogeny will require at least 25000 [[base pair]]s of [[DNA]] sequence data per [[taxon]].<ref name="jian2008">{{citation |author1=Shuguang Jian |author2=Pamela S. Soltis |author3=Matthew A. Gitzendanner |author4=Michael J. Moore |author5=Ruiqi Li |author6=Tory A. Hendry |author7=Yin-Long Qiu |author8=Amit Dhingra |author9=Charles D. Bell |author10=Douglas E. Soltis  |last-author-amp=yes | year = 2008 | title = Resolving an Ancient, Rapid Radiation in Saxifragales | journal = Systematic Biology | volume = 57 | issue = 1 | pages = 38–57 | doi = 10.1080/10635150801888871 | pmid = 18275001 }}</ref> A similar situation exists with Lamiales and it has been analyzed in some detail.<ref name="wortley2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Wortley | first1 = Alexandra H. | last2 = Rudall | first2 = Paula J. | last3 = Harris | first3 = David J. | last4 = Scotland | first4 = Robert W. | year = 2005 | title = How Much Data are Needed to Resolve a Difficult Phylogeny? Case Study in Lamiales | doi = 10.1080/10635150500221028 | journal = Systematic Biology | volume = 54 | issue = 5| pages = 697–709 | pmid=16195214}}</ref> The [[phylogenetic tree]] shown below is from Wurdack and Davis (2009). The statistical support for each branch is 100% [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap]] percentage and 100% [[posterior probability]], except where labeled, with bootstrap percentage followed by posterior probability.
 
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{{clade | style=line-height:75%;
 
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|label1='''Malpighiales'''
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |label1=<small>98/100</small>
 
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  |1={{clade
 
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      |1=[[Putranjivaceae]]
 
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      |2=[[Lophopyxidaceae]]
 
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      }}
 
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  |2=[[Irvingiaceae]]
 
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  |label3=<small>84/100</small>
 
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  |3=[[Centroplacaceae]]
 
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  |4=[[Caryocaraceae]]
 
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  |5=[[Pandaceae]]
 
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  |6=[[Ixonanthaceae]]
 
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  |7=[[Humiriaceae]]
 
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  |8=[[Linaceae]]
 
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  |9={{clade
 
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      |1=[[Elatinaceae]]
 
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      |2=[[Malpighiaceae]]
 
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      }}
 
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  |label10=<small>84/100</small>
 
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  |10={{clade
 
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      |1=[[Ctenolophonaceae]]
 
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      |label2=Rhizophoraceae&nbsp;[[sensu lato|s.l.]]&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1=[[Erythroxylaceae]]
 
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        |2=[[Rhizophoraceae]]
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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  |label11=<small>99/100</small>
 
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  |11={{clade
 
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      |1=[[Balanopaceae]]
 
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      |label2=Chrysobalanaceae&nbsp;s.l.&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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          |1={{clade
 
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            |1=[[Trigoniaceae]]
 
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            |2=[[Dichapetalaceae]]
 
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            }}
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=[[Euphroniaceae]]
 
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            |2=[[Chrysobalanaceae]]
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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      }}
 
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  |label12=Ochnaceae&nbsp;s.l.&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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  |12={{clade
 
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      |1=[[Ochnaceae]]
 
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      |2=[[Medusagynaceae]]
 
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      |3=[[Quiinaceae]]
 
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      }}
 
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  |label13=clusioids&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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  |13={{clade
 
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      |label1=<small>&nbsp;92/98&nbsp;<small>
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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          |1=[[Bonnetiaceae]]
 
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          |2=[[Clusiaceae]]
 
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          }}
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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          |1=[[Calophyllaceae]]
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=[[Hypericaceae]]
 
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            |2=[[Podostemaceae]]
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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      }}
 
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  |label14=phyllanthoids&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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  |14={{clade
 
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      |1=[[Picrodendraceae]]
 
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      |2=[[Phyllanthaceae]]
 
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      }}
 
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  |15={{clade
 
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      |1=[[Peraceae]]
 
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      |label2=<small>&nbsp;90/90&nbsp;<small>
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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          |1=[[Rafflesiaceae]]
 
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          |label2=<small>&nbsp;85/100&nbsp;<small>
 
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          |2=[[Euphorbiaceae]]
 
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          }}
 
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      }}
 
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  |label16=parietal&nbsp;clade&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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  |16={{clade
 
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      |1=[[Achariaceae]]
 
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      |label2=<small>&nbsp;76/98&nbsp;<small>
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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          |1=[[Goupiaceae]]
 
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          |label2=<small>&nbsp;82/100&nbsp;<small>
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=[[Violaceae]]
 
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            |label2=Passifloraceae&nbsp;s.l.&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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                |1=[[Malesherbiaceae]]
 
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                |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=[[Turneraceae]]
 
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                  |2=[[Passifloraceae]]
 
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                  }}
 
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                }}
 
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            }}
 
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          |3={{clade
 
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            |1=[[Lacistemataceae]]
 
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            |label2=Salicaceae&nbsp;s.l.&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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                |1=[[Samydaceae]]
 
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                |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=[[Scyphostegiaceae]]
 
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                  |2=[[Salicaceae]]
 
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                  }}
 
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                }}
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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      }}
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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===2012===
 
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In 2012, ''Xi et al.'' managed to obtain a more resolved phylogenetic tree than previous studies through the use of data from a large number of genes. They included analyses of 82 plastid genes from 58 species (they ignored the problematic [[Rafflesiaceae]]), using partitions identified [[a posteriori]] by applying a [[Bayesian inference|Bayesian]] mixture model. Xi ''et al.'' identified 12 additional clades and three major, basal clades.<ref>[http://coo.fieldofscience.com/2013/11/malpighiales-glorious-mess-of-flowering.html Catalogue of Organisms: Malpighiales: A Glorious Mess of Flowering Plants]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Xi | first1 = Z. | last2 = Ruhfel | first2 = B. R. | last3 = Schaefer | first3 = H. | last4 = Amorim | first4 = A. M. | last5 = Sugumaran | first5 = M. | last6 = Wurdack | first6 = K. J. | last7 = Endress | first7 = P. K. | last8 = Matthews | first8 = M. L. | last9 = Stevens | first9 = P. F. | last10 = Mathews | first10 = S. | last11 = Davis | first11 = C. C. | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1205818109 | title = Phylogenomics and ''a posteriori'' data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 109 | issue = 43 | pages = 17519 | year = 2012 | pmid =  23045684| pmc = 3491498}}</ref>
 
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{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1=[[Oxalidales]]&nbsp;([[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]])
 
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  |label2=Malpighiales
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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    |1={{clade
 
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      |label1=euphorbioids
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1=[[Euphorbiaceae]]
 
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          |2=[[Peraceae]]
 
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          }}
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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          |label1=phyllanthoids
 
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          |1={{clade
 
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            |1=[[Picrodendraceae]]
 
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            |2=[[Phyllanthaceae]]
 
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            }}
 
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          |label2=linoids
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=[[Linaceae]]
 
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            |2=[[Ixonanthaceae]]
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        }}
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |label1=parietal&nbsp;clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1={{clade
 
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            |label1=salicoids
 
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            |1={{clade
 
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              |1={{clade
 
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                |1={{clade
 
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                  |1={{clade
 
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                    |1=[[Salicaceae]]
 
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                    |2=[[Scyphostegiaceae]]
 
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                    }}
 
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                  |2=[[Samydaceae]]
 
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                  }}
 
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                |2=[[Lacistemataceae]]
 
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                }}
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                |1={{clade
 
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                  |1=[[Passifloraceae]]
 
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                  |2=[[Turneraceae]]
 
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                  }}
 
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                |2=[[Malesherbiaceae]]
 
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                }}
 
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              }}
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1=[[Violaceae]]
 
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              |2=[[Goupiaceae]]
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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          |2=[[Achariaceae]]
 
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          }}
 
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        |2=[[Humiriaceae]]
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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    |2={{clade
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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        |label1=clusioids
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1={{clade
 
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            |1={{clade
 
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              |1=[[Hypericaceae]]
 
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              |2=[[Podostemaceae]]
 
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              }}
 
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            |2=[[Calophyllaceae]]
 
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            }}
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=[[Clusiaceae]]
 
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            |2=[[Bonnetiaceae]]
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        |label2=ochnoids
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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          |1=[[Ochnaceae]]
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=[[Quiinaceae]]
 
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            |2=[[Medusagynaceae]]
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        }}
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1=[[Rhizophoraceae]]
 
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          |2=[[Erythroxylaceae]]
 
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          }}
 
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        |2=[[Ctenolophonaceae]]
 
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        }}
 
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      |3={{clade
 
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        |1=[[Pandaceae]]
 
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        |2=[[Irvingiaceae]]
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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    |3={{clade
 
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      |label1=chrysobalanoids
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1={{clade
 
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            |1=[[Chrysobalanaceae]]
 
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            |2=[[Euphroniaceae]]
 
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            }}
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=[[Dichapetalaceae]]
 
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            |2=[[Trigoniaceae]]
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        |2=[[Balanopaceae]]
 
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        }}
 
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      |label2=malpighioids
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1=[[Malpighiaceae]]
 
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          |2=[[Elatinaceae]]
 
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          }}
 
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        |2=[[Centroplacaceae]]
 
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        }}
 
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      |3=[[Caryocaraceae]]
 
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      |label4=putranjivoids
 
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      |4={{clade
 
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        |1=[[Putranjivaceae]]
 
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        |2=[[Lophopyxidaceae]]
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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    }}
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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== References ==
 
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{{Reflist|2}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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{{commons category}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Malpighiales| ]]
 
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[[Category:Rosid orders]]
 
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[[Category:Aptian first appearances]]
 
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[[Category:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances]]
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
 

Latest revision as of 19:10, 6 September 2017

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