Difference between revisions of "Aristolochiaceae"

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{{Expand Spanish|Aristolochiaceae|topic=sci|date=December 2009}}
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#redirect [[:Category:Aristolochiaceae]]
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{{Automatic taxobox
 
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|taxon = Aristolochiaceae
 
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|image = Aristolochia californica flower 2004-02-23.jpg
 
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|image_caption = California Pipevine (''[[Aristolochia californica]]'')
 
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|authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
 
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|subdivision_ranks = [[Family (biology)|Subfamilies]]
 
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|subdivision =
 
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*[[Aristolochioideae]]
 
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*[[Asaroideae]]
 
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*[[Hydnoroideae]]
 
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*[[Lactoridoideae]]
 
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|synonyms =
 
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*Asaraceae <small>Vent.</small>
 
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*Sarumaceae <small>Nakai</small>, nom. nud.{{r|GRIN}}
 
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|}}
 
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The '''Aristolochiaceae''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|ə|ˌ|r|ɪ|s|t|ə|ˈ|l|oʊ|k|i|ə|s|i|i}}) are a family, the '''birthwort family''', of [[flowering plant]]s with seven genera and about 400 known species belonging to the order [[Piperales]]. The [[type genus]] is ''[[Aristolochia]]'' [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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== Description ==
 
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They are mostly [[Perennial plant|perennial]], [[herbaceous plant]]s, [[shrub]]s, or [[liana]]s. The membranous, cordate simple [[Leaf|leaves]] are spread out, growing alternately along the stem on leaf stalks. The margins are commonly entire. No [[stipule]]s are present. The bizarre [[flower]]s are large to medium-sized, growing in the leaf axils. They are bilaterally or radially symmetrical.
 
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== Classification ==
 
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Aristolochiaceae are [[magnoliid]]s, a basal group of [[Flowering plant|angiosperms]] which are not part of the large categories of [[monocot]]s or [[eudicot]]s. As of APG IV [[APG IV system|APG IV (2016)]], the former families [[Hydnoraceae]] and [[Lactoridaceae]] are included, because exclusion would make Aristolochiaceae in the traditional sense [[paraphyletic]].{{r|APG4}}
 
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Some newer classification schemes, such as the update of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]], place the family Aristolochiaceae in the order Piperales, but it is still quite common, though superseded, for the Aristolochiaceae to be assigned, sometimes with some other families, their own order ([[Aristolochiales]]).
 
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== Phytochemistry ==
 
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Many members of ''[[Aristolochia]]'' and some of ''[[Asarum]]'' contain the toxin [[aristolochic acid]], which [[Plant defense against herbivory|discourages herbivores]] and is known to be [[carcinogen]]ic in [[rat]]s. ''Aristolochia'' species are carcinogenic to [[human]]s.
 
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== Ecology ==
 
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Pipevine [[Swallowtail butterfly|swallowtail butterflies]] lay their [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s on pipevine (''Aristolochia'' species), and the [[Caterpillar|larvae]] feed on the plant, but are not affected by the [[toxin]], which then offers the adult butterfly protection against [[predator]]s.
 
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== Classification ==
 
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{|class=wikitable
 
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|- valign=top
 
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|
 
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;Subfamily [[Asaroideae]]
 
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*''[[Asarum]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; wild ginger (including ''[[Hexastylis]]'' <small>Raf.</small> &ndash; little brown jug)
 
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*''[[Saruma]]'' <small>Oliv.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2440 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Aristolochiaceae'' subfam. ''Asaroideae''|work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2011-01-09}}</ref>
 
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|
 
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;Subfamily [[Hydnoroideae]] (formerly Hydnoraceae)
 
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*''[[Hydnora]]'' <small>Thunb.</small>
 
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*''[[Prosopanche]]'' <small>de Bary</small>
 
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;Subfamily [[Lactoridoideae]] (formerly Lactoridaceae)
 
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*''[[Lactoris]]'' <small>Phil.</small>
 
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|
 
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;Subfamily [[Aristolochioideae]]
 
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*''[[Aristolochia]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; pipevine (including ''[[Asiphonia]]'' <small>Griff.</small> and ''[[Pararistolochia]]'' <small>Hutch. & Dalziel</small>)
 
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*''[[Thottea]]'' <small>Rottb.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2439 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Aristolochiaceae'' subfam. ''Aristolochioideae''|work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2011-01-09}}</ref>
 
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|}
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist|refs=
 
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<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?97 |title=Family: ''Aristolochiaceae''  Juss., nom. cons.  |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2007-04-12 |accessdate=2011-01-09}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="APG4">{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/abstract |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 }}</ref>
 
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}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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{{Commons category|Aristolochiaceae}}
 
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{{Wikispecies}}
 
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040120102549/http://monographs.iarc.fr:80/htdocs/monographs/vol82/82-01.html International Agency for Research on Cancer evaluation]
 
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* [http://www.fda.gov/Food/DietarySupplements/Alerts/ucm095272.htm Dietary Supplements: Aristolochic Acid], U.S. Food and Drug Administration alerts
 
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060216065115/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca:80/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/2001/2001_91_e.html Health Canada advising not to use products labelled to contain Aristolochia]
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Aristolochiaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Magnoliid families]]
 

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