Difference between revisions of "Araceae"

Latest revision as of 11:13, 13 July 2017

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Category:Araceae

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-{{Distinguish|Arecaceae}}
+#redirect [[:Category:Araceae]]
-{{automatic taxobox
-|name =
-|fossil_range = {{fossil range|70|0}}[[Maastrichtian|Late Cretaceous]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bogner, Josef|author2=Johnson, Kirk R.|author3=Kvacek, Zlatko|author4=Upchurch, Garland R. Jr | year=2007| title=New fossil leaves of Araceae from the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene of western North America| journal=Zitteliana| volume=47 | pages = 133–147}}</ref> - Recent
-|image = Xanthosoma sagittifolium at Kadavoor.jpg
-|image_caption = Inflorescence  of ''[[Xanthosoma sagittifolium]]''
-|authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |accessdate=2010-12-10 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
-|subdivision_ranks = Genera
-|subdivision ={{main article|List of Araceae genera}}
-|}}
-[[File:044 Dracunculus vulgaris at Akrotiri peninsula, Crete, Greece.jpg|thumb|Snake lily (''[[Dracunculus vulgaris]]'') in [[Crete]]]]
-[[File:Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum RTBG.jpg|thumb|Peace lily (''[[Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum]]'') clearly showing the characteristic spadix and spathe]]
-The '''Araceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[monocotyledon]]ous [[flowering plant]]s in which [[flower]]s are borne on a type of [[inflorescence]] called a spadix. The [[spadix (botany)|spadix]] is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe or leaf-like [[bract]]. Also known as the '''arum family''',  members are often colloquially known as '''aroids'''. This family of 114 genera and about 3750 known species<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> is most diverse in the New World tropics, although also distributed in the Old World tropics and northern temperate regions.
-The largest collection of living Araceae is maintained at the [[Missouri Botanical Gardens]].<ref>. "The resources which have been built up for aroid research at the Missouri Botanical Garden include one of the largest living collections of aroids and the largest collection of herbarium specimens of neotropical aroids. The living and dried collections include a large percentage of Croat's more than 80,000 personal collections". ({{cite journal| author = Croat, Thomas B|year = 1998| title = History and Current Status of Systematic Research with Araceae| journal = Aroideana| volume = 21}})</ref> Another large collection of living Araceae can be found at the [[Munich Botanical Garden]], due to the efforts of researcher and aroid authority [[Josef Bogner]].
-==Description==
-Species in the Araceae are often [[rhizome|rhizomatous]] or [[tuber]]ous and are often found to contain [[calcium oxalate|calcium oxalate crystals]] or [[raphides]].<ref name=Efloras>{{cite web|title=Araceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10056|work=Efloras.org|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=Gflora>{{cite web|title=Araceae - Encyclopedia of House Plants|url=http://www.gflora.com/index.php?cmd=genus&family_id=7|work=gflora.com|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>   The leaves can vary considerably from species to species. The [[inflorescence]] is composed of a spadix, which is almost always surrounded by a modified leaf called a [[spathe]].<ref name=Hawaii>{{cite web|title=Araceae - Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany|url=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/ar.htm|work=University of Hawaii|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>  In [[Plant sexuality|monoecious]] aroids (possessing separate male and female flowers, but with both flowers present on one plant), the spadix is usually organized with female flowers towards the bottom and male flowers towards the top. In aroids with [[perfect flower]]s, the [[stigma (flower)|stigma]] is no longer receptive when the [[pollen]] is released, thus preventing self-[[fertilization]]. Some species are [[Plant sexuality|dioecious]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Araceae|url=http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bio366/families/Araceae.pdf|work=Iowa State University|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
-Many plants in this family are [[Thermogenic plants|thermogenic]] (heat-producing).<ref>{{cite web|title=On the thermogenesis of the Titan arum|pmc=2819525|work=[[National Institutes of Health]]}}</ref>  Their flowers can reach up to 45&nbsp;°C even when the surrounding air temperature is much lower. One reason for this unusually high temperature is to attract insects (usually beetles) to pollinate the plant, rewarding the beetles with heat energy. Another reason is to prevent tissue damage in cold regions. Some examples of thermogenic Araceae are:'' [[Symplocarpus foetidus]]'' (eastern skunk cabbage),'' [[Amorphophallus titanum]]'' (titan arum),'' [[Amorphophallus paeoniifolius]]'' (elephant foot yam), ''[[Helicodiceros muscivorus]]'' (dead horse arum lily), and ''[[Sauromatum venosum]]'' (voodoo lily). Species such as titan arum and the dead horse arum give off a very pungent smell, often resembling rotten flesh, to attract flies to pollinate the plant. The heat produced by the plant helps to convey the scent further.
-==Taxonomy==
-===Classification===
-One of the earliest observations of species in the Araceae was conducted by [[Theophrastus]] in his work ''[[Enquiry into Plants]]''.<ref name=Aroids>{{cite book|last=Bown|first=Deni|title=Aroids: plants of the Arum family|year=2000|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=0881924857|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIbwAAAAMAAJ&q=Araceae+Enquiry+into+Plants&dq=Araceae+Enquiry+into+Plants&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PIPZUvo17MiwBMnGgfgH&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAA}}</ref>  The Araceae were not recognized as a distinct group of plants until the 16th century. In 1789, [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] classified all climbing aroids as ''Pothos'' and all terrestrial aroids as either ''Arum'' or ''Dracontium'' in his book ''Familles des Plantes''.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
-The first major system of classification for the family was produced by [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott]], who published ''Genera Aroidearum'' in 1858 and ''Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum'' in 1860. Schott's system was based on floral characteristics, and used a narrow conception of a genus. [[Adolf Engler]] produced a classification in 1876, which was steadily refined up to 1920. His system is significantly different from Schott's, being based more on vegetative characters and anatomy. The two systems were to some extent rivals, with Engler's having more adherents before the advent of [[molecular phylogenetics]] brought new approaches.<ref name=Gray90>{{Citation |last=Grayum |first=Michael H. |year=1990 |title=Evolution and Phylogeny of the Araceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=628–697 |doi=10.2307/2399668 }}</ref>
-Modern studies based on gene sequences show the Araceae (including the [[Lemnoideae]], duckweeds) to be [[monophyly|monophyletic]], and the first diverging group within the [[Alismatales]].<ref name=APweb_Araceae>{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F.  |title=Araceae|work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/alismatalesweb.htm#Araceae }}</ref> The [[APG III system]] of 2009 recognizes the family, including the genera formerly segregated in the Lemnaceae.<ref name=APG3>{{Cite journal|last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III|year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref> The sinking of the Lemnaceae into the Araceae is not universally accepted. For example, the 2010 ''New Flora of the British Isles'' uses a [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] Araceae and a separate Lemnaceae.<ref name=Stac10>{{Citation |last=Stace |first=Clive |authorlink = Clive Stace |year=2010 |title=New Flora of the British Isles |edition=3rd |publication-place=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-70772-5 }} pp. 830–834.</ref> A comprehensive [[genomic]] study of ''[[Spirodela polyrhiza]]'' was published in February 2014.<ref>Wang, W. et al. [http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140219/ncomms4311/full/ncomms4311.html The Spirodela polyrhiza genome reveals insights into its neotenous reduction fast growth and aquatic lifestyle.] Nat. Commun. 5:3311 doi: 10.1038/ncomms4311 (2014).</ref>
-===Genera===
-{{main article|List of Araceae genera}}
-[[File:Arum maculatum 0 700.jpg|thumb|The cuckoo-pint or lords and ladies (''[[Arum maculatum]]'') is a common arum in British woodlands.]]
-[[File:Arisaema triphyllum.jpg|thumb|''[[Arisaema triphyllum]]'']]
-''[[Anthurium]]'' and ''[[Zantedeschia]]'' are two well-known members of this family, as are ''Colocasia esculenta'' ([[taro]]) and ''[[Xanthosoma]] roseum'' (elephant ear or ‘ape). The largest unbranched inflorescence in the world is that of the arum ''Amorphophallus titanum'' (titan arum).<ref name="Titan Arum">{{cite web|title=Titan Arum FAQs {{!}} Biological Sciences Greenhouse|url=http://bioscigreenhouse.osu.edu/titan-arum-faqs|work=[[Ohio State University]]|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>  The family includes many ornamental plants: ''[[Dieffenbachia]]'', ''[[Aglaonema]]'', ''[[Caladium]]'', ''[[Nephthytis]]'', and ''[[Epipremnum]]'', to name a few. In the genus ''[[Cryptocoryne]]'' are many popular aquarium plants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aquarium Cryptocoryne Plants|url=http://www.fishchannel.com/freshwater-aquariums/planted-tank/crypt-aquarium-plants.aspx|work=[[Aquarium Fish International]]|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref> ''[[Philodendron]]'' is an important plant in the ecosystems of the [[rainforest]]s and is often used in home and interior decorating. ''Symplocarpus foetidus'' (skunk cabbage) is a common eastern North American species. An interesting peculiarity is that this family includes the largest unbranched inflorescence, that of the [[titan arum]],<ref name="Titan Arum"/> often erroneously called the "largest flower" and the smallest flowering plant and smallest fruit, found in the duckweed, ''[[Wolffia]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the smallest flower in the world?|url=http://loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/smallestflower.html|work=[[Library of Congress]]|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
-==Toxicity==
-Within the Aracae, genera such as ''[[Alocasia]]'', ''[[Arisaema]]'', ''[[Caladium]]'', ''[[Colocasia]]'', ''[[Dieffenbachia]]'', and ''[[Philodendron]]'' contain calcium oxalate crystals in the form of raphides. When consumed, these may cause [[edema]], vesicle formation, and [[dysphagia]] accompanied by painful stinging and burning to the mouth and throat, with symptoms occurring for up to two weeks after ingestion.<ref>[http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/CLT-44721 Outbreak of Food-borne Illness Associated with Plant Material Containing Raphides]. Informa Healthcare.</ref>
-==Food plants==
-Food plants in the Araceae include ''[[Colocasia esculenta]]'' (taro, dasheen), ''[[Xanthosoma]]'' (cocoyam, tannia), and ''[[Monstera deliciosa]]'' (Mexican breadfruit). While the aroids are little traded, and overlooked by plant breeders to the extent that the Crop Trust calls them "orphan crops", they are widely grown and are important in [[subsistence agriculture]] and in local markets. The main food product is the [[corm]], which is high in [[starch]]; leaves and flowers also find culinary use.<ref name="CropTrust">{{cite web |title=Aroids. Colocasia Xanthosoma |publisher=The Crop Trust }}</ref>
-==See also==
-[[List of foliage plant diseases (Araceae)]]
-==References==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
-==Further reading==
-* Bown, Deni (2000). Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family [ILLUSTRATED]. Timber Press. {{ISBN|0-88192-485-7}}
-* {{Cite journal| author = Croat, Thomas B|year = 1998| title = History and Current Status of Systematic Research with Araceae| journal = Aroideana| volume = 21}} [http://www.aroid.org/literature/croat/history/efforts_after_1950.html online]
-* {{Cite journal| author = Grayum, Michael H|year = 1990| title = Evolution and Phylogeny of the Araceae| journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden| volume = 77| issue = 4 | doi = 10.2307/2399668 }}
-* {{Cite journal| author = Keating R C|year = 2004|title = Vegetative anatomical data and its relationship to a revised classification of the genera of Araceae|journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|volume = 91|issue = 3|pages= 485–494|jstor=3298625}}
-==External links==
-{{commons category|Araceae}}
-*[http://www.aroid.org/ International Aroid Society]
-*[http://araceum.abrimaal.pro-e.pl/ Araceum - Plants of the Araceae Family - The Illustrated Database]
-*[http://www.aroid.org/genera/120110uberlist.pdf The Uberlist of Araceae (pdf)]
-*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080614045440/http://www.botmuc.de:80/forschung/bogner.html list of publications (March 2008) for Dr. h.c. Josef Bogner]
-{{taxonbar}}
-[[Category:Alismatales families]]
-[[Category:Araceae| ]]
-[[Category:Poisonous plants]]
-[[Category:Extant Maastrichtian first appearances]]

Difference between revisions of "Araceae"

Latest revision as of 11:13, 13 July 2017

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