@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
+#redirect [[:Category:Anacardiaceae]]
-{{Taxobox
-| name = Anacardiaceae
-| image = Anacardium occidentalis Blanco1.116-cropped.jpg
-| image_caption = [[Cashew]] (''Anacardium occidentalis'')
-| regnum = [[Plantae]]
-| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
-| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
-| unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
-| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
-| familia = '''Anacardiaceae'''
-| familia_authority = ([[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]]) [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]
-| type_genus = ''[[Anacardium]]''
-| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilies]]
-| subdivision =
-* [[Anacardioideae]]
-* [[Spondioideae]]
-}}
-The '''Anacardiaceae''', commonly known as '''Cashew family''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=351|access-date=25 January 2016|via=[[Korea Forest Service]]}}</ref> are a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s commonly known as the cashew or sumac family, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> Members of the Anacardiaceae bear [[fruit]]s that are [[drupe]]s and in some cases produce [[urushiol]], an [[Irritation|irritant]]. The Anacardiaceae include numerous genera, several of which are economically important, notably [[cashew]] (in the type genus ''[[Anacardium]]''), [[mango]], [[Poison-ivy (plant)|poison ivy]], [[sumac]], [[Cotinus|smoke tree]], [[marula]], [[Spondias mombin|yellow mombin]], and [[Amphipterygium adstringens|cuachalalate]].  The genus ''[[Pistacia]]'' (which includes the [[pistachio]] and [[Pistacia lentiscus|mastic tree]]) is now included, but was previously placed in its own family, the Pistaciaceae.<ref name="yi2008">{{Cite journal| journal = American Journal of Botany | year = 2008 | volume = 95 | pages = 241–251 | title = Phylogenetics and reticulate evolution in Pistacia (Anacardiaceae) |author1=Tingshuang Yi |author2=Jun Wen |author3=Avi Golan-Goldhirsh |author4=Dan E. Parfitt | doi = 10.3732/ajb.95.2.241 | postscript = <!--None-->| issue = 2| pmid = 21632348 }}</ref>
-==Description==
-[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boom (lannea grandis) langs de weg bij Ragas aan de baai van Banten TMnr 10012892.jpg|thumb|''Lannea grandis'' in [[Banten]], Indonesia]]
-Trees or shrubs, each has inconspicuous flowers and highly [[poison]]ous, sometimes foul-smelling [[resin]]ous or milky [[Plant sap|sap]].<ref name="pages 125-127">[[#NSB|Natural System of Botany (1831)]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2QaAAAAYAAJ&jtp=125 pages 125-127]</ref>
-Resin canals located in the inner fibrous bark of plants' [[Vascular tissue|fibrovascular]] system found in the stems, roots, and leaves are characteristic of all members of this family; resin canals located in the [[pith]] are characteristic of many of the cashew family species and several species have them located in the primary cortex or the regular [[bark]].  [[Tannin#Occurrence|Tannin sacs]] are also widespread among the family.<ref name="page 244-248">[[#SAD|Systematic Anatomy, (1908)]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=VagUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA244 page 244-248]</ref>
-The wood of the Anacardiaceae has the frequent occurrence of simple small holes in the vessels, occasionally  in some species side by side with scalariform holes (in ''[[Campnosperma]]'', ''[[Micronychia (plant)|Micronychia]]'', and ''[[Heeria argentea]]'' (''Anaphrenium argenteum'').  The simple pits are located along the [[Vessel element|vessel wall]] and in contact with the [[Ground tissue#Parenchyma|parenchyma]].<ref name="page 244-248" />
-Leaves are [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen]], usually alternate (rarely opposite),<ref name="page 25">[[#IFNUS|Northern United States (1897)]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=6_IKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA385 page 25]</ref> estipulate (without [[stipule]]) and imparipinnate (rarely paripinnate or bipinnate), usually with opposite leaflets (rarely alternate), while others are trifoliolate or simple or unifoliolate (very rarely simple leaves are palmate). Leaf architecture is very diverse. Primary [[venation (botany)|venation]] is pinnate (rarely palmate). Secondary venation is eucamptodromous, brochidodromous, craspedodromous or cladodromous (rarely reticulodromous) Cladodromous venation, if present is considered diagnostic for Anacardiaceae.<ref name="pages 125-127" />{{sfn|Pell et al|2011}}
-Flowers grow at the end of a branch or stem or at an angle from where the leaf joins the stem and have [[bract]]s.<ref name="pages 125-127" />
-Often with this family, bisexual and male flowers occur on some plants, and bisexual and female flowers are on others, or flowers  have both [[stamen]]s and [[Gynoecium|pistil]]s (perfect).  A [[Calyx (botany)|calyx]] with three to seven cleft [[sepal]]s and the same number of petals, occasionally no petals, overlap each other in the bud.  Stamens are twice as many or equal to the number of petals, inserted at the base of the<ref name="page 25" /> fleshy ring or cup-shaped disk, and inserted below the pistil(s).<ref name="pages 125-127" />
-Stamen stalks are separate, and anthers are able to move.<ref name="page 25" />
-Flowers have the [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] free, but the petals and stamen are borne on the calyx.<ref name="pages 125-127" />
-In the stamenate flowers, ovaries are single-celled.  In the pistillate flowers, ovaries are single or sometimes quadri- or quinticelled.  One to three styles and one ovule occur in each cavity.<ref name="page 25" />
-Fruits rarely open at maturity<ref name="pages 125-127" />
-and are most often [[drupe]]s.<ref name="page 25" />
-[[Seed#Seed structure|Seed coats]] are very thin or are crust-like. Little or no [[endosperm]] is present.   [[Cotyledon]]s are fleshy.<ref name="page 25" />
-Seeds are solitary with no albumen around the [[Embryo#Embryos of plants and animals|embryo]].<ref name="pages 125-127" />
-==Taxonomy==
-=== History ===
-In 1759, [[Bernard de Jussieu]] arranged the plants in the royal garden of the Trianon at Versailles, according to his own scheme. That classification included a description of an order called the Terebintaceæ which contained a suborder that included ''Cassuvium'' (''[[Anacardium]]''), ''Anacardium'' (''[[Semecarpus]]''), ''[[Mangifera]]'', ''[[Connarus]]'', ''[[Rhus]]'' and ''[[Rourea]]''.  In 1789, [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]], nephew of Bernard de Jussieu, published that classification scheme.<ref>[[#GP|Genera plantarum (1789)]] [http://www.botanicus.org/page/878848 pages 368-369]</ref>
-[[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|Robert Brown]] described a subset of the Terebintaceae called Cassuvlæ or Anacardeæ in 1818, using the [[herbarium]] that was collected by [[Christen Smith (botanist)|Christen Smith]] during a fated expedition headed by [[James Hingston Tuckey]] to explore the [[River Congo]].  The name and genera were based on the order with the same name that had been described by [[Bernard de Jussieu]] in 1759.  The herbarium from that expedition contained only one genus from the family, ''[[Rhus]]''.<ref>[[#ZAIRE|Expedition... (1818)]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=aj1kAAAAMAAJ&jtp=430 Appendix V, pages 430-431]</ref>
-[[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]] in 1824, used Robert Browns name Cassuvlæ or Anacardeæ, wrote another description of the group and filled it with the genera ''[[Anacardium]]'', ''[[Semecarpus]]'', ''[[Holigarna]]'', ''[[Mangifera]]'', ''[[Buchanania]]'', ''[[Pistacia]]'', ''[[Astronium]]'', ''[[Comocladia]]'' and ''[[Picramnia]]''.<ref>[[#PS|Prodromus Systematis Naturalis (1824)]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=hBEAAAAAQAAJ&jtp=62 pages 62-66]</ref>
-[[John Lindley]] described the "Essential character" of the Anacardiaceæ, the "Cashew Tribe" in 1831, adopting the order that was described by Jussieu, but abandoning the name Terebintaceæ.  He includes the genera which were found in de Candolle's Anacardieæ and Sumachineæ: ''[[Anacardium]]'', ''[[Holigarna]]'', ''[[Mangifera]]'', ''[[Rhus]]'' and ''[[Mauria]]''.<ref name="pages 125-127" />
-===Phylogeny ===
-The genus ''[[Pistacia]]'' has sometimes been separated into its own family, the Pistaciaceae, based on the reduced flower structure, differences in pollen, and the feathery [[Style (botany)|style]] of the flowers.<ref name="yi2008"/> However, the nature of the ovary does suggest it belongs in the Anacardiaceae, a position which is supported by morphological and molecular studies, and recent classifications have included ''Pistacia'' in the Anacardiaceae.<ref name="yi2008"/><ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?883 Pistaciaceae Martinov], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants, accessed 28 March 2010</ref><ref>James L. Reveal, [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/usda/usdap.html USDA - APHIS -- Concordance of Family Names], last revised 25 October 2006</ref> The genus ''[[Abrahamia]]'' was separated from ''[[Protorhus]]'' in 2004.(Pell 2004)
-=== Subdivision ===
-The family has been treated as a series of five tribes by Engler, and later into [[subfamilies]] by Takhtajan, as [[Anacardioideae]] (including tribes Anacardieae, Dobineae, Rhoeae,and Semecarpeae) and [[Spondioideae]] (including tribe Spondiadeae). Pell's (2008) molecular analysis reinstated the two subfamilies without further division into tribes.(Pell 2004) Later Min and Barfod, in the Flora of China (2008) reinstated the five tribes (four in Anacardioideae), and the single tribe Spondiadeae as Spondioideae.
-===Selected genera===
-{{div col|colwidth=250px}}
-''[[Abrahamia]]''<br>
-''[[Actinocheita]]''<br>
-''[[Amphipterygium]]''<br>
-''[[Anacardium]]'' ([[Cashew]])<br>
-''[[Androtium]]''<br>
-''[[Antrocaryon]]''<br>
-''[[Apterokarpos]]''<br>
-''[[Astronium]]'' (=''Myracrodruon'')<br>
-''[[Baronia (plant)|Baronia]]''<br>
-''[[Blepharocarya]]''<br>
-''[[Bonetiella]]''<br>
-''[[Bouea]]''<br>
-''[[Buchanania]]''<br>
-''[[Campnosperma]]''<br>
-''[[Campylopetalum]]''<br>
-''[[Cardenasiodendron]]''<br>
-''[[Choerospondias]]''<br>
-''[[Comocladia]]''<br>
-''[[Cotinus]]'' (Smoke tree)<br>
-''[[Cyrtocarpa]]''<br>
-''[[Dobinea]]''<br>
-''[[Dracontomelon]]''<br>
-''[[Drimycarpus]]''<br>
-''[[Ebandoua]]''<br>
-''[[Euleria]]''<br>
-''[[Euroschinus]]''<br>
-''[[Faguetia]]''<br>
-''[[Fegimanra]]''<br>
-''[[Gluta]]''<br>
-''[[Haematostaphis]]''<br>
-''[[Haplorhus]]''<br>
-''[[Harpephyllum]]''<br>
-''[[Heeria]]''<br>
-''[[Holigarna]]''<br>
-''[[Koordersiodendron]]''<br>
-''[[Lannea]]''<br>
-''[[Laurophyllus]]''<br>
-''[[Lithraea]]''<br>
-''[[Loxopterigium]]''<br>
-''[[Loxostylis]]''<br>
-''[[Malosma]]''<br>
-''[[Mangifera]]'' ([[Mango]])<br>
-''[[Mauria]]''<br>
-''[[Melanochyla]]''<br>
-''[[Melanococca]]''<br>
-''[[Melanorrhoea]]''<br>
-''[[Metopium]]''<br>
-''[[Micronychia (plant)|Micronychia]]''<br>
-''[[Montagueia]]''<br>
-''[[Mosquitoxylum]]''<br>
-''[[Nothopegia]]''<br>
-''[[Ochoterenaea]]''<br>
-''[[Operculicarya]]''<br>
-''[[Orthopterygium]]''<br>
-''[[Ozoroa]]''<br>
-''[[Pachycormus (plant)|Pachycormus]]''<br>
-''[[Parishia]]''<br>
-''[[Pegia]]''<br>
-''[[Pentaspadon]]''<br>
-''[[Pistacia]]'' ([[Pistachio]])<br>
-''[[Pleiogynium]]''<br>
-''[[Poupartia]]''<br>
-''[[Poupartiopsis]]''<br>
-''[[Protorhus]]''<br>
-''[[Pseudoprotorhus]]''<br>
-''[[Pseudosmodingium]]''<br>
-''[[Pseudospondias]]''<br>
-''[[Rhodosphaera]]''<br>
-''[[Rhus]]'' ([[Sumac]])<br>
-''[[Schinopsis]]''<br>
-''[[Schinus]]'' (Peppertree)<br>
-''[[Sclerocarya]]''<br>
-''[[Searsia (plant)|Searsia]]''<br>
-''[[Semecarpus]]''<br>
-''[[Smodingium]]''<br>
-''[[Solenocarpus]]''<br>
-''[[Sorindeia]]''<br>
-''[[Spondias]]''<br>
-''[[Swintonia]]''<br>
-''[[Tapirira]]''<br>
-''[[Thyrsodium]]''<br>
-''[[Toxicodendron]]'' ([[poison-ivy (plant)|Poison Ivy]], [[Poison Oak]], [[poison sumac|Poison Sumac]])<br>
-''[[Trichoscypha]]''<br>
-{{div col end}}
-==Ecology==
-The cashew family is more abundant in warm or tropical regions with only a few species living in the temperate zones.<ref name="page 25" /> Mostly native to tropical [[Americas]], [[Africa]] and India.  ''[[Pistacia]]s'' and some species of ''[[Rhus]]'' can be found in southern [[Europe]],  ''[[Rhus]]'' species can be found in much of [[North America]] and ''[[Schinus]]'' inhabit [[South America]] exclusively.<ref name="pages 125-127" />
-==Uses==
-Members of this family produce [[cashew]] and [[pistacia]] nuts and others produce [[mango]] and [[marula]] fruits.<ref name="pages 125-127" />
-Some members produce a viscous or adhesive fluid which turns [[black]] and is used as a [[varnish]] or for [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]] and even as a mordant for [[red]] dyes.<ref name="pages 125-127" />
-Medicinally the edible nuts from this family have a reputation for being good for the brain.<ref name="pages 125-127" />
-==References==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
-==Bibliography==
-{{Refbegin|30em}}
-* {{cite journal|last1=Aguilar-Ortigoza|first1=Carlos|last2=Sosa|first2=Victoria|last3=Angeles|first3=Guillermo|title=Phylogenetic relationships of three genera in Anacardiaceae: ''Bonetiella'', ''Pseudosmodingium'', and ''Smodingium''|journal=Brittonia|date=April 2004|volume=56|issue=2|pages=169–184|doi=10.1663/0007-196X(2004)056[0169:PROTGI]2.0.CO;2}}
-* {{cite journal|last1=Andrés-Hernández|first1=A. R.|last2=Terrazas|first2=Teresa|title=Leaf architecture of ''Rhus'' s.str. (Anacardiaceae)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Teresa_Terrazas2/publication/230321099_Leaf_architecture_of_Rhus_sstr_Anacardiaceae/links/56645fb608ae4931cd607c6f.pdf|journal=Feddes Repertorium|date=October 2009|volume=120|issue=5-6|pages=293–306|doi=10.1002/fedr.200911109}}
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-|authorlink1=Nathaniel Lord Britton
-|last2=Brown
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-|authorlink2=Addison Brown
-|title=An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102D Meridian
-|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_IKAAAAIAAJ
-|accessdate=11 April 2009
-|volume=Volume II, Portulacaceae to Menyanthaceae
-|year=1897
-|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons
-|ref=IFNUS
-}}
-* {{Cite journal
-|last1=Brown, F.R.S.
-|first1=Robert
-|authorlink1=Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)
-|last2=Tuckey
-|first2=James Hingston
-|authorlink2=James Hingston Tuckey
-|last3=Christen
-|first3=Smith
-|authorlink3=Christen Smith
-|  title       = Observations, Systematical and Geographical, on Professor Christian Smith's Collection of Plants from the Vicinity of the River Congo
-| journal     = Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816, Under the Direction of Captain J.H. Tuckey, R.N., to Which is Added, the Journals of Professor Smith; Some General Observations on the Country and its Inhabitants; and an Appendix: Containing the Natural History of that Part of the Kingdom Congo Through Which the Zaire Flows
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-|location=[[London]]
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-|last2=Candolle
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-|title=Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis: sive enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta
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-|language=Latin
-|ref= PS
-}}
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-|authorlink=Bernard de Jussieu
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-|title=Genera plantarum :secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV
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-|year=1789
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-|language=Latin
-|ref=GP
-}}
-* {{cite book|editor-last1=Kubitzki|editor-first1=Klaus|editorlink=Klaus Kubitzki|title=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol. x. Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hHvYeQYTTEC|date= 2011|publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]]|isbn=978-3-642-14397-7|ref=harv}}
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-| title       = Terebintacearum Genera: denuo ad examen revocare, characteribus magis accuratis distinguere, inque spetem familias, distribuere conatus est
-| journal     = Annales des Sciences Naturelles
-| volume      = Tome Second
-| publisher   = Chez Bechet Jeune
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-* {{cite journal|last1= Mitchell|first1=John D.|last2=Daly|first2=Douglas C.|title=A revision of ''Spondias'' L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics|journal=PhytoKeys|date=5 August 2015|volume=55|pages=1–92|doi=10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489}}
-* {{cite journal|last1=Moffett|first1=R.O.|title=Name changes in the Old World  ''Rhus''  and recognition of  ''Searsia''  (Anacardiaceae|journal=[[Bothalia]]|date=2007|volume=37|issue=2|pages=165–175|url=http://abcjournal.org/index.php/ABC/article/viewFile/311/256}}
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-}}
-* {{cite book|last1=Pell|first1=Susan Katherine|title=Molecular systematics of the cashew family (Anacardiaceae)|date=May 2004|publisher=Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University|url=http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04152004-101232/unrestricted/Pell_dis.pdf|format=PhD thesis}}
-* {{cite journal|last1=Pell|first1=Susan K.|last2=Mitchell|first2=John D.|last3=Lowry|first3=Porter P.|last4=Randrianasolo|first4=Armand|last5=Urbatsch|first5=Lowell E.|title=Phylogenetic Split of Malagasy and African Taxa of ''Protorhus'' and ''Rhus'' (Anacardiaceae) Based on cpDNA ''trnL–trnF'' and nrDNA ETS and ITS Sequence Data|journal=Systematic Botany|date=1 April 2008|volume=33|issue=2|pages=375–383|doi=10.1600/036364408784571545}}
-* {{cite book|last1=Pell|first1=SK|last2=Mitchell|first2=JD|last3=Miller|first3=AJ|last4=Lobova|first4=TA|title=Anacardiaceae R.Br. (1818)|pages=7–50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hHvYeQYTTEC&pg=PA7|ref={{harvid|Pell et al|2011}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Kubitzki|2011}}
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-}}
-{{Refend}}
-==External links==
-*[http://tolweb.org/Anacardiaceae/21262 Tree of Life: Anacardiaceae]
-*[http://www.anacardiaceae.org Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae research]
-*[http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/anacardiaceae.htm Anacardiaceae in Topwalks]
-*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050315000926/http://delta-intkey.com:80/angio/www/anacardi.htm Anacardiaceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.]
-*[http://flowersinisrael.com/FamAnacardiaceae.html Family Anacardiaceae] - Flowers in Israel
-*[http://www.chileflora.com/Florachilena/FloraEnglish/PIC_FAMILIES_SIMPLE_Anacardiaceae.php Anacardiaceae of Chile,  by Chileflora]
-*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/Taxonomy:family=Anacardiaceae/ Anacardiaceae at Flickr]
-*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10038 Tianlu Min & Anders Barfod. Anacardiaceae at Flora of China, 2008]
-** [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume11/Anacardiaceae.pdf pdf]
-{{wikispecies}}
-{{Commons category|Anacardiaceae}}
-{{taxonbar}}
-[[Category:Anacardiaceae| ]]
-[[Category:Sapindales families]]

Difference between revisions of "Anacardiaceae"

Latest revision as of 09:42, 13 July 2017

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