Difference between revisions of "Poaceae"

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{{automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[Category:Poaceae]]
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|name = Grasses
 
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|fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]]<ref name="DinosDined">{{cite journal
 
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| last1 = Piperno
 
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| first1 = Dolores R.
 
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| last2 = Sues
 
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| first2 = Hans-Dieter
 
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| date = 2005
 
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| title = Dinosaurs Dined on Grass
 
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| journal = Science
 
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| volume = 310
 
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| issue = 5751
 
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| pages = 1126–8
 
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| doi = 10.1126/science.1121020
 
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| pmid = 16293745
 
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}}</ref> - recent, {{fossilrange|66|0}}
 
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|image = Meadow Foxtail head.jpg
 
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|image_caption = Flowering head of meadow foxtail (''[[Alopecurus pratensis]]''), with stamens exerted at anthesis
 
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|taxon = Poaceae
 
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|authority = [[John Hendley Barnhart|Barnhart]]<ref name="APGIII2009">{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |format=PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|synonyms = Gramineae&nbsp;<small>[[Juss.]]</small>
 
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|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite journal|last1=HASTON|first1=ELSPETH|last2=RICHARDSON|first2=JAMES E.|last3=STEVENS|first3=PETER F.|last4=CHASE|first4=MARK W.|last5=HARRIS|first5=DAVID J.|title=The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=October 2009|volume=161|issue=2|pages=128–131|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01000.x}}</ref>
 
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|type_genus = ''[[Poa]]''
 
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|type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
 
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|subdivision =
 
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* [[Anomochlooideae]]
 
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* [[Aristideae|Aristidoideae]]
 
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* [[Arundinoideae]]
 
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* [[Bambusoideae]]
 
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* [[Chloridoideae]]
 
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* [[Danthonieae|Danthonioideae]]
 
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* [[Ehrhartoideae]]
 
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* [[Micrairoideae]]
 
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* [[Panicoideae]]
 
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* [[Pharoideae]]
 
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* [[Pooideae]]
 
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* [[Puelioideae]]
 
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}}
 
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'''Poaceae''' or '''Gramineae''' is a large and nearly ubiquitous [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[Monocotyledon|monocotyledonous]] [[flowering plants]] known as '''grasses'''.  Poaceae includes the [[cereal]] grasses, [[bamboo]]s and the grasses of natural [[grassland]] and cultivated [[lawn]]s (turf) and pasture. Grasses have stems that are hollow except at the nodes and narrow alternate leaves borne in two ranks. The lower part of each leaf encloses the stem, forming a leaf-sheath. With ca 780 genera and around 12,000 species,<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |first1=M.J.M. |last1=Christenhusz |first2=J.W. |last2=Byng | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> Poaceae are the fifth-largest [[:Category:plant families|plant family]], following the [[Asteraceae]], [[Orchidaceae]], [[Fabaceae]] and [[Rubiaceae]].<ref name="Stevens">{{cite web|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb|title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|accessdate=20 March 2016}}</ref>
 
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== Uses ==
 
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Grasses are, in human terms, perhaps the most economically important plant family. Their economic importance stems from several areas, including food production, industry, and [[lawn]]s. They have been grown as food for [[domesticated animals]] for up to 6,000 years and the grains of grasses such as [[wheat]], [[rice]], [[maize]] (corn) and [[barley]] have been the most important human [[food crop]]s. Grasses are also used in the manufacture of [[thatching|thatch]], [[paper]], [[fuel]], [[clothing]], [[Building insulation|insulation]], timber for [[fence|fencing]], [[furniture]], [[scaffolding]] and [[construction]] materials, floor [[matting]], [[#Sports turf|sports turf]] and [[basket weaving|baskets]].
 
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=== Food production ===
 
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Agricultural grasses grown for their edible seeds are called [[cereal]]s or grains (although the latter term, agriculturally, refers to both cereals and [[legumes]]). Three cereals – [[rice]], [[wheat]], and [[maize]] (corn) – provide more than half of all calories eaten by humans.<ref name="Raven and Johnson">{{cite book|title=Understanding Biology|edition=3rd|first1=P.H. |last1=Raven  |first2=G.B. |last2=Johnson |page=536|isbn=0-697-22213-6|year=1995|editor=Carol J. Mills|publisher=WM C. Brown}}</ref> Of all crops, 70% are grasses.<ref name="Time life 19">{{cite book|title=Grasslands and Tundra|publisher=Time Life Books|year=1985|series=Planet Earth|editor=George Constable|isbn=0-8094-4520-4|page=19}}</ref> Cereals constitute the major source of [[carbohydrate]]s for humans and perhaps the major source of protein, and include rice in [[Southern Asia|southern]] and [[eastern Asia]], maize in [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], and wheat and [[barley]] in [[Europe]], [[northern Asia]] and the [[Americas]].
 
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[[Sugarcane]] is the major source of [[sugar]] production. Additional food uses include [[sprouting|sprouted grain]],
 
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[[shoot]]s, [[rhizome]]s and [[sugar]]), drink ([[sugarcane juice]], [[plant milk]], [[rum]], [[beer]], [[whisky]], [[Żubrówka|vodka]]).
 
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[[Lemongrass]] is used as a culinary herb for its scent.
 
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Many species of grasses are grown as [[pasture]] for forage and [[fodder]] for [[livestock]], particularly for [[sheep]] and [[cattle]]. They may be cut and stored in the form of [[hay]], [[straw]] or [[silage]] for use during the winter. Hay and straw are used for animal bedding.
 
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{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:75%;width:800px;
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1={{clade
 
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    |1={{clade
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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      |label1=[[PACMAD clade]]
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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  |1={{clade
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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    |1=[[Chloridoideae]] (1600)
 
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    |2=[[Danthonioideae]] (300)
 
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        }}
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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    |1=[[Micrairoideae]] (200)
 
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    |2=[[Arundinoideae]] (50)
 
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        }}
 
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  }}
 
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      |2=[[Panicoideae]] (3250)
 
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    }}
 
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  |2=[[Aristidoideae]] (350)
 
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        }}
 
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      |label2=[[BOP clade]]
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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            |1=[[Oryzoideae]] (110)
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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          |1=[[Bambusoideae]] – bamboos (1450)
 
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          |2=[[Pooideae]] (3850)
 
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        }}
 
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        }}
 
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        }}
 
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      |2=[[Puelioideae]] (11)
 
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      }}
 
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    |2=[[Pharoideae]] (13)
 
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    }}
 
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  |2=[[Anomochlooideae]] (4)
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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== References ==
 
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{{Reflist|30em}}
 
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{{Ack-Wikipedia}}
 

Revision as of 12:28, 2 July 2017

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