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| − | The '''Sarraceniaceae''' are a family of [[pitcher plant]]s, belonging to order [[Ericales]] (previously [[Nepenthales]]).
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| − | The family comprises three [[Extant taxon|extant]] genera: ''[[Sarracenia]]'' (North American pitcher plants), ''[[Darlingtonia californica|Darlingtonia]]'' (the cobra lily or California pitcher plant), and ''[[Heliamphora]]'' (sun pitchers).<ref>McPherson, S. & D. Schnell 2011. ''Sarraceniaceae of North America''. Redfern Natural History Productions Ltd., Poole.</ref><ref>McPherson, S., A. Wistuba, A. Fleischmann & J. Nerz 2011. ''[[Sarraceniaceae of South America]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions Ltd., Poole.</ref> The [[extinct]] ''[[Archaeamphora longicervia]]'' may also belong to this family.<ref name=Li>Li, H. 2005. {{cite web|url= http://faculty.frostburg.edu/biol/hli/research/Archaeamphora.pdf |title=Early Cretaceous sarraceniacean-like pitcher plants from China. }} {{small|(2.84 [[Mebibyte|MiB]])}} ''Acta Bot. Gallica'' '''152'''(2): 227-234.</ref> All three are [[carnivorous plants]] that lure insects with nectar and use their elongated, tube-shaped leaves filled with water and digestive enzymes to catch and consume them. Digestive enzymes are not always produced by the plants themselves. Digestive [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualisms]] are common in Sarraceniaceae: both ''Sarracenia'' and ''Darlingtonia'' rely on [[Commensalism|commensal]] bacteria to supplement or produce all of their enzymes.<ref>Anderson, B., and J. J. Midgley. 2003. Digestive mutualism, an alternate pathway in plant carnivory. Oikos 102:221-224.
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| − | </ref> Many species also use downward-pointing hairs and waxy secretions to make it difficult for insects to escape.
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| − | ''Sarracenia'' and ''Darlingtonia'' are native to [[North America]], while ''Heliamphora'' is native to [[South America]]. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the family originated in South America about 47 million years ago and spread to North America soon after, about 35 million years ago.<ref name=":0">Ellison, A. M., E. D. Butler, E. J. Hicks, R. F. C. Naczi, P. J. Calie, C. D. Bell, and C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogeny and biogeography of the carnivorous plant family Sarraceniaceae. Public Library of Science One 7:e39291.</ref> The ''Sarracenia'' and ''Heliamphora'' clade diverged from ''Darlingtonia'' around this time, most likely due to a cooling event at the beginning of the [[Oligocene]].<ref name=":0" /> ''Sarracenia'' diverged from ''Heliamphora'' later, around 23 million years ago.<ref name=":0" />
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| − | These plants grow in nutrient-poor, often acidic [[soil]] and use the insects as a nutritional supplement. As such, growth of carnivorous pitchers is plastic: as soil nitrogen increases, ''Sarracenia'' produces fewer pitchers.<ref>Ellison, A. M. and N. J. Gotelli. 2002. Nitrogen availability alters the expression of carnivory in the northern pitcher plant, ''Sarracenia purpurea''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99:4409-4412.</ref> The pitchers originate from a [[rhizome]] and die back during the winter dormancy. Plants of the genus ''Sarracenia'' occur mostly in ''[[Sphagnum]]'' [[peat bogs|bog]]s.
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| − | Most Sarraceniaceae have tall, narrow pitchers that are vertical or nearly so. ''[[Sarracenia purpurea]]'', however, has short, squat, bulbous pitchers close to the ground, and ''[[Sarracenia psittacina]]'' has pitchers that grow horizontally.
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| − | The purple pitcher plant (''Sarracenia purpurea'') is the [[List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols|official flower]] of [[Newfoundland and Labrador]].
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| − | <gallery perrow=3>
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| − | Image:Archaeamphora_longicervia.png|''[[Archaeamphora longicervia]]'', extinct
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| − | Image:H_folliculata_2.jpg|''[[Heliamphora]]''
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| − | Image:Darlingtonia_californica_ne1.JPG|''[[Darlingtonia californica]]''
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| − | Image:Sarracenia_rubra_ne.JPG|''[[Sarracenia]]''
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| − | File:Sarraceniaceae combined maximum likelihood phylogeny.png|Combined [[Nuclear DNA|nuclear]], [[Chloroplast DNA|plastid]] and [[Mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial]] phylogeny of Sarraceniaceae<ref name=Ellison>Ellison, A.M., E.D. Butler, E.J. Hicks, R.F.C. Naczi, P.J. Calie, C.D. Bell & C.C. Davis 2012. Phylogeny and biogeography of the carnivorous plant family Sarraceniaceae. ''PLoS ONE'' '''7'''(6): e39291. {{DOI|10.1371/journal.pone.0039291}}</ref>
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| − | File:Sarraceniaceae chronogram.png|Sarraceniaceae chronogram based on combined data
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | == References ==
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| − | {{reflist}}
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| − | *[http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/sarracen.htm Sarraceniaceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.]
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| − | *D’Amato, Peter, ''[[The Savage Garden: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants]]'', Berkeley 1998, ISBN 0-89815-915-6
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| | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} | | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} |
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| | [[Category:Ericales]] | | [[Category:Ericales]] |
