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| − | The '''Restionaceae''', also called '''restiads''' and '''restios''', are a [[family (biology)|family]] of annual or perennial rush-like [[flowering plants]] native to the Southern Hemisphere; they vary from a few centimeters to 3 m in height. Following the [[APG IV system|APG IV (2016)]]:<ref name="apgiv">{{Citation |last = Angiosperm Phylogeny Group | year = 2016 | title = An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 161 |issue = 2 | pages = 1–20 |url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/abstract | accessdate = 2016-05-20 | doi = 10.1111/boj.12385}}</ref> the family now includes the former families [[Anarthriaceae]], [[Centrolepidaceae]] and [[Lyginiaceae]], and as such includes 51 genera with 572 known species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> Based on evidence from fossil pollens, the Restionaceae likely originated more than 65 million years ago during the [[Cretaceous|Late Cretaceous]] period, when the southern continents were still part of [[Gondwana]].<ref name=bremer2002>Bremer, K. (2002). "Gondwanan Evolution of the Grass Alliance of Families (Poales)." ''Evolution'', '''56'''(7): 1374-1387. [http://ag.udel.edu/enwc/research/delphacid/internalform/files/bremer%202002.pdf]</ref>
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| − | == Description ==
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| − | The family consists of tufted or rhizomatous, herbaceous plants, [[Juncaceae|rush-like]] or [[bamboo|bamboo-like]] in overall appearance. They belong to a group of [[monocotyledon]]s that includes several similar families, such as the [[Cyperaceae|sedges]], [[Juncaceae|rushes]], and [[Poaceae|true grasses]]. They have green, photosynthetic stems and leaves that have been reduced to sheaths. Their flowers are extremely small and in spikelets, which in turn make up the inflorescences. Male and female flowers are on separate plants and, like grasses, are [[anemophilous|wind-pollinated]].
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| − | == Distribution ==
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| − | Plants in the family are distributed on all the southern continents - [[South America]] (1 sp., ''[[Apodasmia chilensis]]''), [[Africa]] south of the Equator and including [[Madagascar]] (about 330 spp.) and [[Australia]] (about 150 spp.) - in [[New Zealand]] (four spp.) and widely distributed in [[Southeast Asia]] (one sp.). They are often dominant elements of the flora in the [[Mediterranean]] climates of [[South Africa]] and [[Western Australia]]. They are the defining family in the [[Western Cape]] [[fynbos]] plant community.<ref>{{cite journal | first = H. Peter | last = Linder |author2=Pia Eldenas |author3=Barbara G. Briggs | year=2003 | title = Contrasting patterns of radiation in African and Australian Restionaceae | journal=Evolution | volume=57 |issue=12 | pages=2688–2702 | url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01513.x | doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01513.x | pmid = 14761050 }}</ref> The South American species is very similar to one of the New Zealand species, leading to the conjecture that it might have crossed the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] in the last 30 million years. The distribution of restios in Africa is irregular, with the same single species occurring in Madagascar, the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Tanzania]], and [[Malawi]], while a different species is found in the [[Chimanimani National Park#Chimanimani mountains|Chimanimani Mountains]] of eastern [[Zimbabwe]]. Four species are found in the [[Drakensberg|Natal Drakensberg]], one of which spills over into [[Mpumalanga]] and [[Limpopo]] provinces. The vast majority of species, though, are to be found in the [[Cape Floristic Region]] and particularly plentiful on hard sandstone formations. The center of diversity lies in the [[Kogelberg]], where more than a third of all Restionaceae may be found.<ref>''Restios of the Fynbos'' - Els Dorrat Haaksma, H. Peter Linder (Botanical Society of South Africa, 2000)</ref> Restionacea can be found in [[Kirstenbosch]], [[Cape Town]]'s National Botanical Gardens.
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| − | A number of the largest African species have become popular as garden ornamentals in many parts of the world, some being useful as accent plants similar to small species of [[bamboo]], but with pendant stems of greater delicacy. Also, many smaller species offer a great variety of decorative features and deserve horticultural attention.
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| − | == Classification ==
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| − | The Restionaceae family has been recognized by most taxonomists. The [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html AP-Website] [May 2006] assumes 58 genera and 520 species, which agrees well with the ''Flora of China''.
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| − | The [[APG II system]] of 2003 (unchanged from the [[APG system]], 1998), recognizes this family and assigns it to the order [[Poales]], in the clade [[commelinids]] of the [[monocots]].
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| − | The [[Cronquist system]] of 1981 also recognized this family and placed it in the order [[Restionales]], in the subclass [[Commelinidae]] in class [[Liliopsida]] in division [[Magnoliophyta]].
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| − | === Genera ===
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| − | The genera in the Restionaceae are:
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| − | :''[[Alexgeorgea]]'', ''[[Anarthria]]'', ''[[Anthochortus]]'', ''[[Aphelia (plant)|Aphelia]]'', ''[[Apodasmia (plant)|Apodasmia]]'', ''[[Askidiosperma]]'', ''[[Calopsis]]'', ''[[Calorophus]]'', ''[[Cannomois]]'', ''[[Centrolepis]]'', ''[[Ceratocaryum]]'', ''[[Chaetanthus]]'', ''[[Chondropetalum]]'', ''[[Chordifex]]'', ''[[Coleocarya]]'', ''[[Dapsilanthus]]'', ''[[Dielsia]]'', ''[[Dovea]]'', ''[[Elegia (plant)|Elegia]]'', ''[[Empodisma]]'', ''[[Eurychorda]]'' , ''[[Gaimardia]]'', ''[[Harperia]]'', ''[[Hopkinsia]]'', ''[[Hydrophilus (plant)|Hydrophilus]]'', ''[[Hypodiscus]]'', ''[[Hypolaena]]'', ''[[Ischyrolepis]]'', ''[[Lepidobolus]]'', ''[[Leptocarpus (plant)|Leptocarpus]]'', ''[[Lepyrodia]]'', ''[[Loxocarya]]'', ''[[Lyginia]]'', ''[[Mastersiella]]'', ''[[Meeboldina]]'', ''[[Megalotheca]]'', ''[[Nevillea]]'', ''[[Onychosepalum]]'', ''[[Phyllocomos]]'', ''[[Platycaulos]]'', ''[[Restio]]'', ''[[Rhodocoma]]'', ''[[Sporadanthus]]'', ''[[Staberoha]]'', ''[[Thamnochortus]]'', ''[[Willdenowia (plant)|Willdenowia]]'' and ''[[Winifredia]]''.
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| | == References == | | == References == |
| | {{Reflist}} | | {{Reflist}} |
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | * [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/restiona.htm Restionaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). ''[http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 27 April 2006. http://delta-intkey.com.
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| − | * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10761 Restionaceae in the ''Flora of China'']
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| − | * [http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/search/quick?q=Restionaceae&x=0&y=0 Florabase] [218 entries, in Restionaceae sensu lato]
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| − | * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=14107&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
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| | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} | | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} |
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| | [[Category:Poales]] | | [[Category:Poales]] |
