Difference between revisions of "Didiereaceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Didiereaceae]]
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|name = Didiereaceae
 
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|image = Alluaudia montagnacii.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''Alluaudia montagnacii''
 
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|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]]
 
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|ordo = [[Caryophyllales]]
 
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|familia = '''Didiereaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Ludwig Adolph Timotheus Radlkofer|Radlk.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|subdivision=
 
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*[[Calyptrothecoideae]]
 
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*[[Didiereoideae]]
 
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*[[Portulacarioideae]]
 
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|subdivision_ranks=Subfamilies
 
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}}
 
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'''Didiereaceae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s found in continental [[Africa]] and [[Madagascar]].
 
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It contains 20 species classified in three subfamilies and six genera. Species of the family are [[succulent plant]]s, growing in sub-arid to arid habitats. Several are known as [[ornamental plant]]s in specialist succulent collections. The subfamily Didiereoideae is [[endemic]] to the southwest of Madagascar, where the species are characteristic elements of the [[Madagascar spiny thickets|spiny thickets]].
 
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==Systematics==
 
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The family was long considered entirely endemic to Madagascar until the genera ''Calyptrotheca'', ''Ceraria'', and ''Portulacaria'' from the African mainland were included.<ref name="ApplequistWallace2003">{{cite journal |last1=Applequist |first1=Wendy L. |last2=Wallace |first2=Robert S. |year=2003 |title=Expanded circumscription of Didiereaceae and its division into three subfamilies |journal=Adansonia |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=13–16 |issn=1280-8571 |url=http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/a2003n1a2.pdf}} {{open access}}</ref> [[Molecular phylogenetic]] analysis confirmed the [[monophyly]] of the family and its three subfamilies:<ref name="BruynsOliveira-Neto2014">{{cite journal |last1=Bruyns|first1=Peter V. |last2=Oliveira-Neto |first2=Mario |last3=Melo-de-Pinna |first3=Gladys Flavia |last4=Klak |first4=Cornelia |title=Phylogenetic relationships in the Didiereaceae with special reference to subfamily Portulacarioideae |journal=Taxon |volume=63 |issue=5 |year=2014 |pages=1053–1064 |issn=0040-0262 |doi=10.12705/635.36 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gladys_Melo-de-Pinna/publication/267629559_Phylogenetic_relationships_in_the_Didiereaceae_with_special_reference_to_subfamily_Portulacarioideae/links/558171bf08ae47061e60cb92.pdf}}</ref>
 
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{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:75%;width:600px;
 
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|label1='''Didiereaceae'''
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1=''[[Portulacaria]]''
 
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  |label1=Portulacarioideae
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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    |1=''[[Calyptrotheca]]''
 
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    |label1=Calyptrothecoideae
 
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    |2={{clade
 
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      |1=''[[Alluaudiopsis]]''
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1=''[[Alluaudia]]''
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Decarya]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Didierea]]''
 
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            }}
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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      |label2=Didiereoideae
 
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    }}
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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The family is closely related to the [[New World]] family [[Cactus|Cactaceae]] (cacti), sufficiently closely so that species of Didiereaceae can be [[grafting|grafted]] successfully on some cacti.<ref name="BruynsOliveira-Neto2014"/>
 
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==Calyptrothecoideae==
 
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Contains only one genus, ''[[Calyptrotheca]]'', with two species found in tropical [[East Africa]].<ref name="BruynsOliveira-Neto2014"/>
 
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==Didiereoideae==
 
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This subfamily is endemic to Madagascar, where it is found in the [[Madagascar spiny thickets|spiny thickets]] of the dry southwest. The plants are [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|spiny]] [[Succulent plant|succulent]] [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s from 2–20 m tall, with thick water-storing stems and [[leaf|leaves]] that are [[deciduous]] in the long [[dry season]]. Some species build a distinct youth form as small procumbent shrubs before a dominant stem is produced. All species are [[dioecious]] (''Decaria'' female-dioecious). The leaves, produced from the [[brachyblast]]s (much like the [[areole]]s found in [[cactus|cacti]]), are small, appear single or in pairs and are accompanied by conical spines. The flowers are unisexual (except from ''Decaria'') and radially symmetric.
 
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There are four genera with eleven species:
 
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''[[Alluaudia]]'' {{small|([[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo|Drake]]) [[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo|Drake]] 1903}}
 
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*''[[Alluaudia ascendens]]'' {{small|([[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo|Drake]]) [[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo|Drake]] 1903}}
 
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*''[[Alluaudia comosa]]'' {{small|([[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo|Drake]]) [[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo|Drake]] 1903}}
 
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*''[[Alluaudia dumosa]]'' {{small|([[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo|Drake]]) [[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo|Drake]] 1903}}
 
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*''[[Alluaudia humbertii]]'' {{small|[[Pierre Choux|Choux]] 1934}}
 
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*''[[Alluaudia montagnacii]]'' {{small|[[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] 1961}} – probably a natural hybrid of ''A. ascendens'' and ''A. procera''
 
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*''[[Alluaudia procera]]'' {{small|([[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo|Drake]]) [[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo|Drake]] 1903}} – quite easy grown and the most frequent species in cultivation
 
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''[[Alluaudiopsis]]'' {{small|[[Jean-Henri Humbert|Humbert]] & [[Pierre Choux|Choux]] 1934}}
 
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*''[[Alluaudiopsis fiherensis]]'' {{small|[[Jean-Henri Humbert|Humbert]] & [[Pierre Choux|Choux]] 1934}}
 
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*''[[Alluaudiopsis marnieriana]]'' {{small|[[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] 1961}}
 
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''[[Decarya]]'' {{small|[[Pierre Choux|Choux]] 1929}}
 
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*''[[Decarya madagascariensis]]'' {{small|[[Pierre Choux|Choux]] 1929}}
 
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''[[Didierea]]'' {{small|[[Henri Ernest Baillon|Baillon]] 1880}}
 
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*''[[Didierea madagascariensis]]'' {{small|[[Henri Ernest Baillon|Baillon]] 1880}}
 
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*''[[Didierea trollii]]'' {{small|[[René Paul Raymond Capuron|Capuron]] & [[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] 1961}}
 
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Key to the genera of Didieroideae:
 
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{| class="wikitable"
 
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| 1 || Spines in groups of four or more: || ''Didierea''
 
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|-
 
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| - || Spines single or in pairs: || → 2
 
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|-
 
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| 2 || Shoots striking zigzagged, spines short conical: || ''Decarya''
 
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|-
 
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| - || Shoots not zigzagged, spines long conical to needle-like: || → 3
 
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|-
 
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| 3 || Shrubs strongly branched, leaves lanceolate: || ''Alluaudiopsis''
 
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|-
 
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| - || Shrubs little branched, leaves either ovate to circular or scale-like and awl-shaped: || ''Alluaudia''
 
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|-
 
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|}
 
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==Portulacarioideae==
 
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Contains one genus, ''[[Portulacaria]]'', with seven species, distributed in [[Southern Africa]]. Species formerly considered in the separate genus ''[[Ceraria]]'' are now included in ''Portulacaria''.<ref name="BruynsOliveira-Neto2014"/>
 
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==Gallery==
 
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<gallery>
 
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File:Ceraria_namaquensis_01_ies.jpg|''Portulacaria namaquensis''
 
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File:Jade_leaves.jpg|''Portulacaria afra''
 
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File:Alluaudia ascendens.JPG|''Alluaudia ascendens''
 
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File:Alluaudia montagnacii.jpg|''Alluaudia montagnacii''
 
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File:Alluaudia procera2.JPG|''Alluaudia procera''
 
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</gallery>
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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==Literature==
 
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* Eggli, Urs (Ed.): ''Sukkulentenlexikon Band 2: Zweikeimblättrige Pflanzen (Dicotyledonen)'' Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Germany 2002. ISBN 3-8001-3915-4
 
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{{Taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Didiereaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Caryophyllales families]]
 
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[[Category:Desert flora]]
 
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[[Category:Flora of Africa]]
 

Latest revision as of 11:26, 14 May 2020

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