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| − | '''''Stachys floridana''''' is a species of [[betony]] in the mint family, [[Lamiaceae]]. It is native to the United States, where its true native range is probably limited to [[Florida]], but today it is known throughout the [[southeastern United States|Southeast]] as an [[introduced species]] and common [[weed]].<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate = 21 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=ga>Czarnota, M. and T. Murphy. [http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_ID=7648 Controlling Florida Betony in the Landscape.] C 867-11. College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia. 2012.</ref> It occurs as far west as [[Texas]],<ref name=ga/> and it has been recorded in [[California]].<ref name=weaver>Weaver, R. [http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/weed-of-the-month/0210-stachys-floridana.html Weed of the Month, February, 2010: ''Stachys floridana'', Florida Betony, Rattlesnake Weed.] Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry.</ref> Its common names include '''Florida betony''',<ref name=grin/> '''Florida hedgenettle''',<ref name=usda>[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=stfl4 ''Stachys floridana''.] USDA PLANTS.</ref> and '''rattlesnake weed'''.<ref name=weaver/> It has been called '''wild artichoke''', but it is not closely related to [[artichoke]].<ref name=clem>Burgess, C. [http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/pests/pdf/hgic2313.pdf Florida Betony.] Home and Garden Information Center. Clemson University Cooperative Extension. 2005, revised 2008.</ref> The plant was the [[Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services|Florida Department of Agriculture's]] "Weed of the Month" for February 2010.<ref name=weaver/>
| + | [[Category:Lamiaceae]] |
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| − | ==Description==
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| − | This species is a perennial herb producing a hairy, erect stem up to about half a meter in maximum height. It grows from a network of [[rhizome]]s with [[tuber]]s. The distinctive pale-colored tuber is several centimeters long and about one centimeter wide, and is segmented in such a way that it resembles the rattle on the tail of a [[rattlesnake]],<ref name=hall>Hall, D. W., et al. [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fw041 Florida Betony, ''Stachys floridana'' Shuttlew.] Weeds in Florida (SP 37). Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida IFAS. 1991, revised 2006.</ref> the inspiration for the common name "rattlesnake weed".<ref name=ga/> The tuber is also said to resemble "a fat [[larva|grub]]".<ref name=nc>[http://carteret.ces.ncsu.edu/files/library/16/2-FloridaBetony.pdf Florida Betony (''Stachys floridana'').] North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension.</ref> The tuber can reportedly grow up to one meter long in sandy soils.<ref name=ga/> The oppositely arranged leaves have blades up to 5.5 centimeters long borne on [[petiole (botany)|petioles]] up to 3.5 centimeters long. Flowers grow in clusters of 3 to 6 from the upper leaf axils. The tubular, hairy calyx of [[sepal]]s has pointed lobes. The two-lipped corolla is up to 1.3 centimeters long<ref name=hall/> and white to pink with purple spots<ref name=vt>[http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/stafl.htm Florida Betony or Rattlesnake Weed: ''Stachys floridana''.] Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide.</ref> or darker lines.<ref name=weaver/> The fruit is a [[schizocarp]] a few centimeters long that splits in half. The seeds are about a millimeter long.<ref name=hall/>
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| − | ==Biology==
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| − | The plant is a prolific producer of seeds, but it often undergoes [[vegetative reproduction]] via its rhizome and tubers. Small segments of rhizome can sprout into new plants,<ref name=weaver/> and the transport of the tuber to new areas may be the most common way the plant spreads.<ref name=hall/> The plant grows in disturbed habitat types, such as roadsides, often on wet soils. It grows in turf and in beds of [[ornamental plant]]s.<ref name=hall/>
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| − | ==Impact==
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| − | The plant was considered to be a Florida [[endemism|endemic]] until the 1940s and 1950s,<ref name=hall/> when it began to spread throughout the southeastern United States. Its rhizome system extends easily into the loose soils of cultivated ground, and it became a weed of residential and commercial land.<ref name=clem/> It can be found in [[lawn]]s and other turfgrass, especially [[Eremochloa ophiuroides|centipedegrass]] and [[St. Augustine Grass|St. Augustine grass]].<ref name=nc/> It is a weed of ornamentals, where it can be harder to control than in lawns, because fewer [[herbicide]]s are approved for use on ornamental herbs and shrubs than on turfgrasses.<ref name=ga/> It is one of the worst weeds of the cultivated ornamental [[Rumohra adiantiformis|leatherleaf fern]] (''Rumohra adiantiformis'').<ref>Stamps, R. H. (1992). [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3988319?uid=3739560&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21102572755693 Prodiamine controlled Florida betony (''Stachys floridana'') in leatherleaf fern (''Rumohra adiantiformis'').] ''Weed Technology'' 6(4) 961-67.</ref> Weed control in ornamentals may require hand-pulling, with careful removal of all the tubers.<ref name=ga/>
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| − | ==Uses==
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| − | [[File:Stachys floridana root.jpg|thumb|right|Tuber]]
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| − | Much like its relative, [[Stachys affinis|the Chinese artichoke]], the "crisp, succulent" tuber is edible,<ref name=ga/> and has "a pleasingly crunchy texture and a bland, slightly sweet taste".<ref name=weaver/>
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{Reflist}}
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q15368624}}
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| − | [[Category:Stachys|floridana]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Florida]]
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| − | [[Category:Invasive plant species]]
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