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| − | {{Italic title}}
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| | {{taxobox | | {{taxobox |
| | | name = Coltsfoot | | | name = Coltsfoot |
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| | | binomial = ''[[Tussilago farfara]]'' | | | binomial = ''[[Tussilago farfara]]'' |
| | | binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | | | binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |
| − | |synonyms_ref=<ref name=u/> | + | |synonyms_ref= |
| | |synonyms= | | |synonyms= |
| | * ''[[Farfara]]'' <small>Gilib.</small> | | * ''[[Farfara]]'' <small>Gilib.</small> |
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| | * ''[[Cineraria farfara]]'' <small>(L.) Bernh.</small> | | * ''[[Cineraria farfara]]'' <small>(L.) Bernh.</small> |
| | * ''[[Tussilago umbertina]]'' <small>Borbás</small> | | * ''[[Tussilago umbertina]]'' <small>Borbás</small> |
| − | |tribus=[[Senecioneae]]<ref name=u/> | + | |tribus=[[Senecioneae]] |
| | }} | | }} |
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| − | '''''Tussilago farfara''''', commonly known as '''coltsfoot''',<ref name=Stace>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|authorlink = Stace, C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Third|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, U.K.| isbn=9780521707725}}</ref>{{rp|770}}<ref>{{PLANTS|id=TUFA|taxon=Tussilago farfara|accessdate=12 December 2015}}</ref> is a plant in the [[Senecioneae|groundsel tribe]] in the daisy family [[Asteraceae]], native to Europe and parts of western and central Asia. The name "tussilago" is derived from the Latin ''tussis'', meaning cough, and ''ago'', meaning to cast or to act on.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qn5zb3_rqZIC&pg=PA428|last1=Capasso|first1=Francesco|chapter=Capitolo M12: Droghe obsolete e/o poco studiate|work=Farmacognosia: Botanica, chimica e farmacologia delle piante medicinali|year=2011| page=428| doi=10.1007/978-88-470-1652-1_30|publisher=Springer Milan|quote=''Tussilago'', dal latino ''tussis'' = tosse e ''ago'' = scaccio.|language=Italian|isbn=978-88-470-1652-1|edition=Seconda edizione}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Booth|first=David|title=An analytical dictionary of the English language|publisher=James Cochrane and Co.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wwi5sUW6R18C&pg=PA312|year=1835|page=312|quote=''Tussilago'', from the Latin ''tussis'', a cough, and ''ago'', to act upon, to cure; from its reputed virtues.}}</ref> It has had uses in traditional medicine, but the discovery of toxic [[pyrrolizidine alkaloids]] in the plant has resulted in [[liver]] health concerns. | + | '''''Tussilago farfara''''', commonly known as '''coltsfoot''' |
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| − | ''Tussilago farfara'' is the only accepted species in the genus '''''Tussilago''''', although more than two dozen other species have at one time or another been considered part of this group. Most of them are now regarded as members of other genera ''([[Chaptalia]], [[Chevreulia]], [[Farfugium]], [[Homogyne]], [[Leibnitzia]], [[Petasites]], [[Senecio]]).''<ref name=u>[http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/Default.aspx?Page=AdvNameSearch Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist ] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20141106174748/http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/Default.aspx?Page=AdvNameSearch |date=2014-11-06 }}</ref>
| + | [[Category:Asteraceae]] |
| − | | + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | [[File:Planta prundul dambovitei.jpg|thumb|Foliage of ''Tussilago farfara'']]
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| − | ==Description==
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| − | Coltsfoot is a [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous]] plant that spreads by [[seed]]s and [[rhizome]]s. ''Tussilago'' is often found in colonies of dozens of plants. The flowers, which superficially resemble [[dandelion]]s, open on leafless stems in early spring before the leaves appear. The leaves, which resemble a colt's foot in outline appear after the flowers have set seed and wither and die in the early summer. The plant is typically 10–30 cm in height. The leaves have angular teeth on their margins.<ref>{{cite book |author=Theodore M. Barkley |year=2006 |chapter=''Tussilago'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 865. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 372. 1754 |series=[[Flora of North America]] |volume=20 |title=Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, Part 7: Asteraceae, Part 2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195305647 |page=635 |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=134025}}</ref>
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| − | ==Distribution==
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| − | Coltsfoot is widespread across [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and [[North Africa]], from [[Svalbard]] to [[Morocco]] to [[China]] and the [[Russian Far East]]. It is also a common plant in [[North America]] and [[South America]] where it has been introduced, most likely by settlers as a medicinal item. The plant is often found in waste and disturbed places and along roadsides and paths. In some areas it is considered an [[invasive species]].<ref name=u/><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200024610 Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 461 <big>款冬</big> kuan dong ''Tussilago farfara'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 865. 1753. ]</ref><ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Tussilago Altervista Flora Italiana, genere ''Tussilago''] includes photos and distribution maps</ref>
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| − | ==Synonym==
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| − | Other common names include tash plant, ass's foot, bull's foot, coughwort (Old English),<ref>{{cite book|last=Coulombe Jr.|first=Roger A.|editor-last=Taylor|editor-first=Steve L.|title=Advances in Food and Nutrition Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl5zpVG2mKgC&pg=PA76|volume=45|year=2003|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-12-016445-0|page=76|chapter=Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Foods}}</ref> farfara, foal's foot, foalswort and horse foot. Sometimes it is [[confused]] with ''[[Petasites frigidus]]'', or western coltsfoot.
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| − | It has been called ''bechion''<ref name="blog.metmuseum.org">[http://blog.metmuseum.org/cloistersgardens/2013/04/05/first-foot/#more-10310 First Foot: The Medieval Garden Enclosed]. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York</ref> ''bechichie'' or ''bechie'', from the [[Ancient Greek]] word for "cough".<ref>Joannes de Vigo. ''Works of Chirurgery'', 1543.</ref> Also ''ungula caballina'' ("horse hoof"), ''pes pulli'' ("foal's foot"),<ref name="blog.metmuseum.org"/> and ''chamæleuce''.<ref>Thomas Cooper, ''Thesaurus Linguae Romanae et Britannicae (1584).</ref>
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| − | ==Traditional uses==
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| − | Coltsfoot has been used in [[herbal medicine]]<ref name="blog.metmuseum.org"/> and has been consumed as a food product with some [[confectionery]] products, such as [[Coltsfoot Rock]]. ''Tussilago farfara'' leaves have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea or syrup) or externally (directly applied) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, locomotor system, viral infections, flu, colds, fever, rheumatism and gout.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sylvia Vogl, Paolo Picker, Judit Mihaly-Bison, Nanang Fakhrudin, Atanas G. Atanasov, Elke H. Heiss, Christoph Wawrosch, Gottfried Reznicek, Verena M. Dirsch, Johannes Saukel & Brigitte Koppa |year=2013 |title=Ethnopharmacological ''in vitro'' studies on Austria's folk medicine – an unexplored lore ''in vitro'' anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |volume=149 |issue=3 |pages=750–771 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007 |pmid=23770053 |pmc=3791396}}</ref>
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| − | ==Food source==
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| − | Coltsfoot is used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Gothic (moth)|the gothic]] and [[Small Angle Shades|small angle shades]].
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| − | ==Toxicity==
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| − | ''Tussilago farfara'' contains [[tumorigenic]] [[pyrrolizidine alkaloids]].<ref name=Fu1>Fu, P.P., Yang, Y.C., Xia, Q., Chou, M.C., Cui, Y.Y., Lin G., "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-tumorigenic components in Chinese herbal medicines and dietary supplements", ''Journal of Food and Drug Analysis'', Vol. 10, No. 4, 2002, pp. 198-211 [http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=cache:Rpy0OFYQGecJ:www.nlfd.gov.tw/en/ch/MultiMedia_FileDownload.ashx%3Fguid%3D304d1580-c6aa-4502-900e-cab744c31985+author:%22Fu%22+intitle:%22Pyrrolizidine+alkaloids-tumorigenic+components+in+...%22+]</ref> [[Senecionine]] and [[senkirkine]], present in coltsfoot, have the highest [[mutagenicity|mutagenetic activity]] of any pyrrolozidine alkaloid, tested using ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' to produce a comparative [[genotoxicity]] test.<ref>Röder, E., "Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids", ''[[Pharmazie]]'', 1995, pp83-98. Reprinted on Henriette's Herbal website.[http://www.henriettesherbal.com/PAs/PAs-toxicity.html]</ref><ref>Frei, H.J., Luethy, J., Brauchli, L., Zweifel, U., Wuergler, F.E., & Schlatter, C., ''[[Chem. Biol. Interact.]]'', 83: 1, 1992</ref> There are documented cases of coltsfoot tea causing severe liver problems in an infant, and in another case, an infant developed liver disease and died because the mother drank tea containing coltsfoot during her pregnancy.<ref>Sperl, W., Stuppner, H., Gassner, I.; "Reversible hepatic veno-occlusive disease in an infant after consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing herbal tea." ''[[Eur J Pediatr.]]'' 1995;154:112–6.</ref><ref>Roulet, M., Laurini, R., Rivier, L., Calame, A.; "Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in newborn infant of a woman drinking herbal tea." ''[[J Pediatrics.]]'' 1988;112:433–6.</ref> In response the German government banned the sale of coltsfoot. [[Vegetative reproduction|Clonal]] plants of coltsfoot free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids were then developed in [[Austria]] and [[Germany]].<ref>Wawrosch, Ch.; Kopp, B.; Wiederfield, H.; "Permanent monitoring of pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in micropropagated Tussilago farfara L. : A tool to fulfill statutory demands for the quality of coltsfoot in Austria and Germany", ''[[Acta horticulturae]]'', 2000, no. 530, pp469-472 [http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=781867]</ref>
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| − | This has resulted in the development of the registered variety ''Tussilago farfara'' 'Wien' which has no detectable levels of these alkaloids.<ref>Wawrosh C.,"In Vitro Cultivation of Medicinal Plants" cited in Yaniv Z. and Bachrach U., Eds "Handbook of Medicinal Plants", The Hawthorne Medical Press NY Lond. 2005</ref>
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| − | == See also ==
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| − | * [[List of herbs with known adverse effects]]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{Reflist}}
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| − | ==Further reading==
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| − | * R. Schubert & G. Wagner: ''Botanisches Wörterbuch'' Ulmer, Stuttgart 1993, {{ISBN|3-8252-1476-1}} {{de icon}}
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| − | * H. Haeupler & Th. Muer: ''Bildatlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands'' Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2000. {{ISBN|3-8001-3364-4}}. {{de icon}}
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| − | * Gerhard Madaus: ''Lehrbuch der biologischen Heilmittel'' Bd 1. Heilpflanzen. G. Thieme, Leipzig 1938, Olms, Hildesheim 1979. {{ISBN|3-487-05890-1}} {{de icon}}
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| − | * Guide des plantes sauvages comestibles et toxiques, les guides du naturaliste, François Couplan et Eva Stinner {{ISBN|2-603-00952-4}} {{fr icon}}
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| − | * Кирпичников М. Э. Семейство сложноцветные, или астровые (Asteraceae, или Compositae) // Жизнь растений. В 6-ти т. / Под ред. А. Л. Тахтаджяна. — М.: Просвещение, 1981. — Т. 5. Ч. 2. Цветковые растения. — С. 462—476. — 300000 экз. {{ru icon}}
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | * [http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=6564 Coltsfoot information]
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q26302}}
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| − | [[Category:Senecioneae]] | |
| − | [[Category:Monotypic Asteraceae genera]]
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| − | [[Category:Alpine flora]]
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| − | [[Category:Medicinal plants]]
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| − | [[Category:Demulcents]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]] | |
| − | [[Category:Poisonous plants]]
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| − | [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
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| − | [[Category:Invasive plant species]]
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