Difference between revisions of "Icacinaceae"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Icacinaceae]]
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| image = Icacina senegalensis MS 4743.JPG
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Icacina oliviformis]]''
 
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| taxon = Icacinaceae
 
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| authority = [[John Miers (botanist)|Miers]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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| subdivision = See text.
 
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}}
 
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The '''Icacinaceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s,<ref name="icacinaceae">"Icacinaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website (see ''External links'' below).</ref>
 
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consisting of [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, and [[liana]]s, primarily of the [[tropics]].
 
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The family was traditionally [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] quite broadly, with around 55 [[genera]] totalling over 400 [[species]]. In 2001, though, this circumscription was found to be [[polyphyletic]],<ref name="karehed2001">{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3558388 | first = Jesper | last = Kårehed | year = 2001 | title = Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae | jstor = 3558388 | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 88 | issue = 12 | pages = 2259–2274 | postscript = . | pmid = 21669659}}</ref> and the family was split into four families in three different [[Order (biology)|orders]]: Icacinaceae ''[[sensu stricto]]'' (then unplaced at order rank), [[Pennantiaceae]] ([[Apiales]]), [[Stemonuraceae]] ([[Aquifoliales]]) and [[Cardiopteridaceae]] (also Aquifoliales). Other genera have later been moved to [[Metteniusaceae]] ([[Metteniusales]]),<ref name="Stull, G. W. 2015">Stull, G. W., R. Duno de Stefano, D. E. Soltis, and P. S. Soltis (2015). Resolving Basal Lamiid Phylogeny and the Circumscription of Icacinaceae with a Plastome-Scale Data Set. American Journal of Botany 102, no. 11: 1794–1813. doi:10.3732/ajb.1500298.</ref> so that Icacinaceae now include c. 23 genera and 160 species. One genus, ''Sleumeria'', was described as late as 2005.<ref name="utteridge2005">Timothy M.A. Utteridge, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Stephen P. Teo, Lydia C. White, and Peter Gasson. 2005. "''Sleumeria'' (Icacinaceae): A New Genus from Northern Borneo". ''Systematic Botany'' '''30'''(3):635-643.</ref>
 
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''Icacina senegalensis'' extracts have shown activity against malaria parasites.<ref>Sarr SO, Perrotey S, Fall I, Ennahar S, Zhao M, Diop YM, Candolfi E, Marchioni E.,"Icacina senegalensis (Icacinaceae), traditionally used for the treatment of malaria, inhibits in vitro Plasmodium falciparum growth without host cell toxicity."  ''Malar J''. 2011 Apr 11;10(1):85</ref>
 
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Icacinaceae belongs to the order [[Icacinales]] along with [[Oncotheca]]ceae.
 
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==Genera==
 
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List according to Stull et al. (2015)<ref name="Stull, G. W. 2015"/>
 
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{| border="0"
 
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| valign="top" |
 
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* ''[[Alsodeiopsis]]''
 
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* ''[[Casimirella]]''
 
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* ''[[Cassinopsis]]''
 
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* ''[[Desmostachys]]''
 
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* ''[[Hosiea]]''
 
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* ''[[Icacina]]''
 
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* ''[[Iodes]]''
 
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* ''[[Lavigeria (plant)|Lavigeria]]''
 
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  | valign="top" |
 
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* ''[[Leretia]]''
 
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* ''[[Mappia]]''
 
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* ''[[Mappianthus]]''
 
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* ''[[Merrilliodendron]]''&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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* ''[[Miquelia]]''
 
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* ''[[Natsiatopsis]]''
 
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* ''[[Natsiatum]]''
 
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* ''[[Nothapodytes]]''
 
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  | valign="top" |
 
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* ''[[Phytocrene]]''
 
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* ''[[Pleurisanthes]]''
 
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* ''[[Pyrenacantha]]''
 
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* ''[[Rhyticaryum]]''
 
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* ''[[Sarcostigma]]''
 
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* ''[[Sleumeria]]''
 
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* ''[[Stachyanthus]]''
 
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  | valign="top" |
 
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|}
 
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==History==
 
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In 1841, [[George Bentham]] described ''Apodytes'' and ''Pogopetalum'' as new [[genera]] and united them with ''Icacina, Gomphandra'', and ''Leretia'' to create the [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] Icacineae of what would later be called the family [[Olacaceae]].<ref name="bentham1841">George Bentham. 1841. page 679. In: "Account of two new genera allied to Olacineae". ''Transactions of the Linnean Society of London'' '''18''':671-686 & plates 41 and 42. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> Olacaceae was at that time, and through the 20th century, defined broadly, encompassing several families in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Santalales]].<ref name="malecot2008">Valéry Malécot and Daniel L. Nickrent. 2008. "Molecular Phylogenetic Relationships of Olacaceae and Related Santalales". ''Systematic Botany'' '''33'''(1):97-106.</ref> ''Pogopetalum'' was later [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymized]] with ''Emmotum''.<ref name="duno2007">Rodrigo Duno de Stefano, Diego F. Angulo, and Fred W. Stauffer. 2007. "''Emmotum harleyi'', a New Species from Bahia, Brazil, and Lectotypification of Other Icacinaceae". ''Novon'' '''17'''(3):306-309.</ref><ref name="howard1942">Richard A. Howard. 1942. "Studies of the Icacinaceae. III. A revision of ''Emmotum''". ''Journal of the Arnold Arboretum'' '''23''':479-494.</ref>
 
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In 1852, [[John Miers (botanist)|John Miers]] [[Argument|argued]] that Bentham's Icacineae did not belong in Olacaceae and he raised them to the [[taxonomic rank]] of family as Icacinaceae.<ref name="miers1852">John Miers. 1852. page 221. In: "Observations on the Affinities of the Icacinaceae". ''Annals and Magazine of Natural History, iccluding Zoology, Botany, and Geology'', series 2. '''9''':218-226. (see ''External links'' below).</ref>
 
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[[Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem|Philippe van Tieghem]] realized that the family Icacinaceae, as [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] by Miers, consisted of groups that were only distantly related, and in 1897, he divided it into seven families.<ref name="tieghem1897a">Philippe E.L. van Tieghem. 1897. page 842. In: "Sur les inséminées à nucelle pourvu d'un seul tégument formant la subdivisions des Unitegminées ou Icacinées". Séance du Mardi 20 Avril 1897. ''Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences'' '''124''':839-844.</ref><ref name="tieghem1897b">Philippe E.L. van Tieghem. 1897. "Sur les phanerogams sans graines, formant la divisions des inséminées". ''Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France'' '''44''':99-139. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> Van Tieghem's treatment in some ways anticipated the results of 21st century [[phylogenetic]] [[Research|studies]], in particular, by his establishment of the families Emmotaceae and Leptaulaceae. His division of Icacinaceae into smaller families was not accepted and other authors continued to define Icacinaceae in the broad sense, known as Icacinaceae [[sensu lato]].
 
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In 1942, [[Hermann Otto Sleumer|Hermann Sleumer]] defined Icacinaceae broadly in his coverage of the family for [[Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien]].<ref name="sleumer1942">Hermann Sleumer. 1942. "Icacinaceae" pages 322-396. In: H.G. Adolf Engler and Karl A.E. Prantl, with Hermann Harms and Johannes Mattfeld (editors). ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' volume 20b. Duncker and Humblot: Berlin, Germany. 1960 reprint of 1942 publication.</ref> Later authors did likewise.
 
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In the 1940s, [[Richard Alden Howard|Richard A. Howard]] wrote a series of [[Academic publishing#Scholarly paper|papers]] on several of the genera.<ref name="karehed2001"/> Sleumer wrote about the [[Asia]]n genera in 1969,<ref name="sleumer1969">Hermann Sleumer. 1969. "Materials toward the knowledge of the Icacinaceae of Asia, Malesia, and adjacent areas". ''Blumea'' '''17'''(1):181-264.</ref> and the [[Malesia]]n genera in 1971.<ref name="sleumer1971">Hermann Sleumer. 1971. "Icacinaceae" pages 1-87. In: Cornelis G.G.J. van Steenis (editor). ''Flora Malesiana'' series 1, volume 7. Noordhoff International Publishing: Leyden, Holland.</ref> Much of what is known about the family comes from regional [[Flora#Flora treatises|floras]] such as [[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]] <ref name="guymer1984">Gordon P. Guymer. 1984. "Icacinaceae" pages 204-211. In: Alexander S. George (executive editor). ''Flora of Australia'' volume 22. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, Australia.</ref>  and [[Flora of China (series)|Flora of China]].<ref name="peng2008">Hua Peng and Richard A. Howard. 2008. "Icacinaceae" pages 505-514. In: Zhengyi Wu, Peter H. Raven, and Deyuan Hong (editors). ''Flora of China'' volume 11. Science Press: Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, Missouri, USA.</ref>
 
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In 2001, Jesper Kårehed, using a combination of [[Plant morphology|morphological]] and [[DNA sequence]] data, showed that Icacinaceae sensu lato was distantly [[polyphyletic]] and was, at least arguably, the worst of the plant families. It is now known to have rivaled [[Flacourtiaceae]] as an [[Biological classification#Evolutionary|unnatural]] assemblage of disparate groups. Kårehed divided it into four families: [[Pennantiaceae]], [[Stemonuraceae]], [[Cardiopteridaceae]], and Icacinaceae [[sensu stricto]].<ref name="karehed2001"/>
 
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Pennantiaceae consists of the single genus ''[[Pennantia]]'' and is the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[clade]] in the [[campanulid]] order [[Apiales]].<ref name="karehed2003">Jesper Kårehed. 2003. "The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales". ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''141'''(1):1-24.</ref><ref name="plunkett2004">Gregory M. Plunkett, Gregory T. Chandler, Porter P. Lowry, Steven M. Pinney, and Taylor S. Sprenkle. 2004. "Recent advances in understanding Apiales and a revised classification". ''South African Journal of Botany'' '''70'''(3):371-381.</ref>
 
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Stemonuraceae is a family of 12 genera in the campanulid order Aquifoliales. It is [[Cladistics#Subtrees are clades|sister]] to Cardiopteridaceae.<ref name="karehed2001"/><ref name="soltis2005">{{Cite book | author = Douglas E. Soltis, [[Pamela S. Soltis]], Peter K. Endress, and Mark W. Chase | year = 2005 | title = Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms | publisher = Sinauer | publication-place = Sunderland, MA, USA | isbn = 978-0-87893-817-9 | postscript = . }}</ref>
 
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Before the [[phylogeny]] produced by Kårehed, Cardiopteridaceae contained only ''[[Cardiopteris]]''. Kårehed transferred ''[[Citronella (genus)|Citronella]]'', ''[[Gonocaryum]]'', and ''[[Leptaulus]]'' from Icacinaceae to this family, and provisionally placed ''[[Metteniusa]]'', ''[[Dendrobangia]]'', and ''[[Pseudobotrys]]'' there as well. ''Metteniusa'' was shown to be a [[lamiid]] in 2007, and was placed in a family by itself.<ref name="gonzalez2007">Favio González, Julio Betancur, Olivier Maurin, John V. Freudenstein, and Mark W. Chase. 2007. "Metteniusaceae, an early-diverging family in the lamiid clade". ''Taxon'' '''56'''(3):795-800.</ref> The affinities of ''Dendrobangia'' and ''Pseudobotrys'' remain obscure.
 
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Some authors have continued to maintain Cardiopteridaceae as a [[Monotypic taxon|monogeneric]] family, placing ''Citronella'', ''Gonocaryum'', ''Leptaulus'', ''Dendrobangia'', and ''Pseudobotrys'' in Leptaulaceae.<ref name="utteridge2007">Timothy M.A. Utteridge and Richard K. Brummitt. 2007. "Leptaulaceae" pages 191-192. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007).</ref> The study by Kårehed showed ''Cardiopteris'' to be embedded in Leptaulaceae, but [[Resampling (statistics)|statistical support]] for this position was not strong.
 
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Some genera have later been moved to [[Metteniusaceae]] ([[Metteniusales]]).<ref name="Stull, G. W. 2015"/>
 
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== References ==
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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{{Commons category|Icacinaceae}}
 
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/garryalesweb.htm#Icacinaceae Icacinaceae] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] At: [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden Website]
 
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* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13697#705 Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 18:671 (1841)]
 
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* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19648#242 Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (1852)]
 
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* [http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753002245170 Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. 1897]
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Icacinaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Asterid families]]
 

Latest revision as of 18:33, 27 November 2017

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