@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{other uses|Vitis (disambiguation)}}
+#redirect [[:Category:Vitis]]
-{{redirect|Grapevine|other uses}}
-{{Automatic taxobox
- | fossil_range = {{fossil range|60|0}}[[Paleocene]]- Recent
- | image = Vitis californica with grapes.jpg
- | image_caption = ''Vitis californica'' with fruit
- | taxon = Vitis
- | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=vitis>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=VITIS |title=PLANTS Profile for ''Vitis'' (grape) |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] |accessdate=November 16, 2009}}</ref>
- | type_species = ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''
- | type_species_authority = [[L.]]
- | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]<ref name=grin>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?12735 |title=Species in GRIN for genus ''Vitis'' |author=GRIN |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, [[Beltsville, Maryland]] |accessdate=April 20, 2010 |authorlink=Germplasm Resources Information Network}}</ref><ref name=ag>&nbsp;''V. kelungensis, V. yeshanensis'' {{cite journal |author1=Ahmet Güner |author2= =Gábor Gyulai |author3= Zoltán Tóth |author4= Gülsüm Asena Başlı |author5= Zoltán Szabó |author6= Ferenc Gyulai |author7= András Bittsánszky |author8= Luther Waters Jr. |author9= László Heszky |year=2008 |journal=Anadolu Univ J Sci Technol |title=Grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds from Antiquity and the Middle Ages Excavated in Hungary - LM and SEM analysis |url=http://w3.mkk.szie.hu/dep/genetika/pdf/Guner%20et%20al%202008%20(inpress).pdf |accessdate=May 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
-|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=vitis
-|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
-|accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref>
- | subdivision =
-{{collapsible list|
-[[Vitis acerifolia|''V.&nbsp;acerifolia'']]<br>
-[[Vitis adenoclada|''V.&nbsp;adenoclada'']]<br>
-[[Vitis aestivalis|''V.&nbsp;aestivalis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis amazonica|''V.&nbsp;amazonica'']]<br>
-[[Vitis amurensis|''V.&nbsp;amurensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis × andersonii|''V.&nbsp;× andersonii'']]<br>
-[[Vitis arizonica|''V.&nbsp;arizonica'']]<br>
-[[Vitis baileyana|''V.&nbsp;baileyana]]<br>
-[[Vitis balansana|''V.&nbsp;balansana'']]<br>
-[[Vitis bashanica|''V.&nbsp;bashanica'']]<br>
-[[Vitis bellula|''V.&nbsp;bellula'']]<br>
-[[Vitis berlandieri|''V.&nbsp;berlandieri'']]<br>
-[[Vitis betulifolia|''V.&nbsp;betulifolia'']]<br>
-[[Vitis biformis|''V.&nbsp;biformis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis blancoi|''V.&nbsp;blancoi'']]<br>
-[[Vitis bloodworthiana|''V.&nbsp;bloodworthiana'']]<br>
-[[Vitis bourgaeana|''V.&nbsp;bourgaeana'']]<br>
-[[Vitis bryoniifolia|''V.&nbsp;bryoniifolia'']]<br>
-[[Vitis californica|''V.&nbsp;californica'']]<br>
-[[Vitis × champinii|''V.&nbsp;× champinii'']]<br>
-[[Vitis chontalensis|''V.&nbsp;chontalensis]]''<br>
-[[Vitis chunganensis|''V.&nbsp;chunganensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis chungii|''V.&nbsp;chungii'']]<br>
-[[Vitis cinerea|''V.&nbsp;cinerea'']]<br>
-[[Vitis cissoides|''V.&nbsp;cissoides]]''<br>
-[[Vitis coignetiae|''V.&nbsp;coignetiae'']]<br>
-[[Vitis cordifolia|''V.&nbsp;cordifolia]]''<br>
-[[Vitis davidii|''V.&nbsp;davidii'']]<br>
-[[Vitis × doaniana|''V.&nbsp;× doaniana'']]<br>
-[[Vitis erythrophylla|''V.&nbsp;erythrophylla'']]<br>
-[[Vitis fengqinensis|''V.&nbsp;fengqinensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis figariana|''V.&nbsp;figariana]]''<br>
-[[Vitis flexuosa|''V.&nbsp;flexuosa'']]<br>
-[[Vitis girdiana|''V.&nbsp;girdiana'']]<br>
-[[Vitis hancockii|''V.&nbsp;hancockii'']]<br>
-[[Vitis heyneana|''V.&nbsp;heyneana'']]<br>
-[[Vitis hui|''V.&nbsp;hui'']]<br>
-[[Vitis jacquemontii|''V.&nbsp;jacquemontii'']]<br>
-[[Vitis jaegeriana|''V.&nbsp;jaegeriana'']]<br>
-[[Vitis jinggangensis|''V.&nbsp;jinggangensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis jinzhainensis|''V.&nbsp;jinzhainensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis kelungensis|''V. kelungensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis labrusca|''V.&nbsp;labrusca'']]<br>
-[[Vitis labruscana|''V.&nbsp;labruscana'']]<br>
-[[Vitis lanceolatifoliosa|''V.&nbsp;lanceolatifoliosa'']]<br>
-[[Vitis linsecomii|''V.&nbsp;linsecomii'']]<br>
-[[Vitis longquanensis|''V.&nbsp;longquanensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis luochengensis|''V.&nbsp;luochengensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis menghaiensis|''V.&nbsp;menghaiensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis mengziensis|''V.&nbsp;mengziensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis monticola|''V.&nbsp;monticola'']]<br>
-[[Vitis mustangensis|''V.&nbsp;mustangensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis nesbittiana|''V.&nbsp;nesbittiana'']]<br>
-[[Vitis × novae-angliae|''V.&nbsp;× novae-angliae'']]<br>
-[[Vitis palmata|''V.&nbsp;palmata'']]<br>
-[[Vitis peninsularis|''V.&nbsp;peninsularis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis piasezkii|''V.&nbsp;piasezkii'']]<br>
-[[Vitis pilosonerva|''V.&nbsp;pilosonerva'']]<br>
-[[Vitis popenoei|''V.&nbsp;popenoei'']]<br>
-[[Vitis pseudoreticulata|''V.&nbsp;pseudoreticulata'']]<br>
-[[Vitis pubescens|''V.&nbsp;pubescens'']]<br>
-[[Vitis retordii|''V.&nbsp;retordii'']]<br>
-[[Vitis riparia|''V.&nbsp;riparia'']]<br>
-[[Vitis romanetii|''V.&nbsp;romanetii'']]<br>
-[[Vitis rotundifolia|''V.&nbsp;rotundifolia'']]<br>
-[[Vitis rupestris|''V.&nbsp;rupestris'']]<br>
-[[Vitis ruyuanensis|''V.&nbsp;ruyuanensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis shenxiensis|''V.&nbsp;shenxiensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis shuttleworthii|''V.&nbsp;shuttleworthii'']]<br>
-[[Vitis silvestrii|''V.&nbsp;silvestrii'']]<br>
-[[Vitis sinocinerea|''V.&nbsp;sinocinerea'']]<br>
-[[Vitis × slavinii|''V.&nbsp;× slavinii'']]<br>
-[[Vitis thunbergii|''V.&nbsp;thunbergii'']]<br>
-[[Vitis tiliifolia|''V.&nbsp;tiliifolia'']]<br>
-[[Vitis treleasei|''V.&nbsp;treleasei'']]<br>
-[[Vitis tsoii|''V.&nbsp;tsoii'']]<br>
-[[Vitis vinifera|''V.&nbsp;vinifera'']]<br>
-[[Vitis vulpina|''V.&nbsp;vulpina'']]<br>
-[[Vitis wenchouensis|''V.&nbsp;wenchouensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis wilsonae|''V.&nbsp;wilsonae'']]<br>
-[[Vitis wuhanensis|''V.&nbsp;wuhanensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis xunyangensis|''V.&nbsp;xunyangensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis yeshanensis|''V. yeshanensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis yunnanensis|''V.&nbsp;yunnanensis'']]<br>
-[[Vitis zhejiang-adstricta|''V.&nbsp;zhejiang-adstricta'']]}}
-}}
-'''''Vitis''''' ('''grapevines''') is a genus of 79 accepted species<ref name=PlantList>{{cite web| title=The Plant List: ''Vitis'' |date=2013 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Vitaceae/Vitis/ |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew }}</ref> of vining plants in the [[flowering plant]] family [[Vitaceae]].  The genus is made up of species predominantly from the Northern hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of [[grape]]s, both for direct consumption of the fruit and for fermentation to produce [[wine]]. The study and cultivation of grapevines is called [[viticulture]].
-Most ''Vitis'' varieties are [[wind-pollinated]] with [[hermaphroditic]] flowers containing both male and female reproductive structures. These flowers are grouped in bunches called [[inflorescence]]s. In many species, such as ''Vitis vinifera'', each successfully pollinated flower becomes a grape berry with the inflorescence turning into a cluster of grapes. While the flowers of the grapevines are usually very small, the berries are often big and brightly colored with sweet flavors that attract birds and other animals to disperse the seeds contained within the berries.<ref name="WSET">Wine & Spirits Education Trust ''"Wine and Spirits: Understanding Wine Quality"'' pgs 2-5, Second Revised Edition (2012), London, {{ISBN|9781905819157}}</ref>
-Grapevines usually only produce fruit on shoots that came from buds that were developed during the previous [[growing season (vine)|growing season]]. In viticulture, this is one of the principles behind [[pruning]] the previous year's growth (or "One year old wood") that includes shoots that have turned hard and woody during the winter (after [[harvest (wine)|harvest]] in commercial viticulture). These vines will be pruned either into a [[cane (vine)|cane]] which will support 8 to 15 buds or to a smaller [[spur (vine)|spur]] which holds 2 to 3 buds.<ref name="WSET"/>
-==Biology==
-[[File:Vigne inflorescence 2.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Developing inflorescences of ''Vitis vinifera'']]
-Flower buds are formed late in the growing season and overwinter for blooming in spring of the next year. They produce leaf-opposed [[cyme (botany)|cymes]] . ''Vitis'' is distinguished from other genera of Vitaceae by having petals which remain joined at the tip and detach from the base to fall together as a calyptra or 'cap'. The [[flower]]s are mostly bisexual,<ref name=Stace>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|authorlink = Stace, C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Third|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, U.K.| isbn=9780521707725}}</ref>{{rp|143}} pentamerous, with a hypogynous disk. The calyx is greatly reduced or nonexistent in most species and the petals are joined together at the tip into one unit but separated at the base.  The [[fruit]] is a [[berry (botany)|berry]], ovoid in shape and juicy, with a two-celled ovary each containing two ovules, thus normally producing four seeds per flower (or fewer by way of aborted embryos).<ref>Gleason and Cronquist volume 2, ''New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada'', p. 517. {{LCCN|6316478}}</ref>
-Other parts of the vine include the [[tendril]]s which are leaf-opposed, branched in ''Vitis vinifera'', and are used to support the climbing plant by twining onto surrounding structures such as branches or the [[trellising]] of a [[vine-training system]].
-In the wild, all species of ''Vitis'' are normally [[plant sexuality|dioecious]], but under domestication, variants with [[perfect flower]]s appear to have been selected.
-Most ''Vitis'' species have 38 chromosomes (n=19),<ref name=Kew2CDNA>{{cite web |first1=M.D. |last1=Bennett |first2=I.J. |last2=Leitch |date=2012 |url=http://www.data.kew.org/cvalues/ |title=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Plant DNA C-values database, release 6.0 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew }}</ref> but 40 (n=20) in ''[[Vitis rotundifolia]]'' (subgenus ''Muscadinia'').{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
-==Species==
-[[File:Ornamental grape.jpg|thumb|left|''Vitis coignetiae'' with autumn leaves]]
-Most ''Vitis'' species are found in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in [[North America]] and [[Asia]] with a few in the tropics. The wine grape ''Vitis vinifera'' originated in southern [[Europe]] and southwestern Asia. The species occur in widely different geographical areas and show a great diversity of form.
-Their growth makes leaf collection challenging and<nowiki> </nowiki>polymorphic leaves make identification of species difficult. Mature grapevines can grow up to 48&nbsp;cm in diameter at breast height and reach the upper canopy of trees more than 35 m in height.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1364&context=plantpathpapers|title=Upper Canopy Collection and Identification of Grapevines (''Vitis'') from Selected Forests in the Southeastern United States|journal=Castanea (from University of Nebraska Digital Commons)|volume=75|issue=1|pages=141–149|year=2010|author=Everhart SE}}</ref>
-Many species are sufficiently closely related to allow easy interbreeding and the resultant interspecific hybrids are invariably fertile and vigorous. Thus the concept of a species is less well defined and more likely represents the identification of different ecotypes of ''Vitis'' that have evolved in distinct geographical and environmental circumstances.
-The exact number of species is not certain, with species in [[Asia]] in particular being poorly defined.  Estimates range from 40 to more than 60.<ref>{{cite book |last=Galet |first=Pierre |title=Dictionnaire encyclopédique des cépages |year=2000 |publisher=Hachette Pratique |isbn=2-01-236331-8 }}</ref> Some of the more notable include:
-*''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', the European grapevine. Native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia.
-*''[[Vitis labrusca]]'', the fox grapevine, sometimes used for wine. Native to the [[Eastern United States]] and [[Canada]].
-*''[[Vitis riparia]]'', the riverbank grapevine, sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. Native to the entire [[Eastern U.S.]] and north to [[Quebec]].
-*''[[Vitis aestivalis]]'', the summer grape, native to the [[Eastern United States]], especially the [[Southeastern United States]].
-*''[[Vitis rotundifolia]]'' (syn. ''Muscadinia rotundifolia''), the [[muscadine]], used for jams and wine. Native to the [[Southeastern United States]] from [[Delaware]] to the [[Gulf of Mexico]].
-*''[[Vitis rupestris]]'', the rock grapevine, used for breeding of Phylloxera resistant rootstock. Native to the [[Southern United States]].
-*''[[Vitis coignetiae]]'', the crimson glory vine, a species from East Asia grown as an [[ornamental plant]] for its crimson autumn foliage.
-*''[[Vitis amurensis]]'', native to the Asian continent, including parts of Siberia and China.
-*''[[Vitis vulpina]]'', the frost grape, native to the [[Eastern United States]], from Massachusetts to Florida, and west to Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.<ref name=vivu>{{cite web |url=http://www.plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=VIVU |title=PLANTS Profile for ''Vitis vulpina'' (snow grape) |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] |accessdate=November 16, 2009}}</ref> Treated by some as a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''V. riparia''.<ref name=up>{{cite web |url=http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/96939 |title=''Vitis riparia'' (Frost grape) (''Vitis vulpina'') |work=The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) |author1=Jain, E. |author2=Bairoch, A. |author3=Duvaud, S. |author4=Phan, I. |author5=Redaschi, N. |author6=Suzek, B.E. |author7=Martin, M.J. |author8=McGarvey, P. |author9=Gasteiger, E. |date=November 3, 2009 |publisher=The UniProt Consortium |accessdate=November 16, 2009}}</ref>
-There are many [[List of grape varieties|cultivars]] of grapevines; most are cultivars of ''V. vinifera''.
-[[Hybrid (biology)|Hybrid]] grapes also exist, and these are primarily crosses between ''V. vinifera'' and one or more of ''V. labrusca'', ''V. riparia'' or ''V. aestivalis''. Hybrids tend to be less susceptible to frost and disease (notably [[phylloxera]]), but wine from some hybrids may have a little of the characteristic "foxy" taste of ''V. labrusca''.
-The [[Latin]] word ''Vitis'' has feminine [[grammatical gender]],<ref>{{citation |author1=Lewis, C.T. |author2=Short, C. |year=1958  |title=A Latin Dictionary |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford  }}</ref> and therefore species names with [[adjective|adjectival]] [[Botanical name|specific epithets]] take feminine forms, such as ''V. vinifera''.<ref>{{citation |author1=McNeill, J. |author2=Barrie, F.R. |author3=Buck, W.R. |author4=Demoulin, V. |author5=Greuter, W. |author6=Hawksworth, D.L. |author7=Herendeen, P.S. |author8=Knapp, S. |author9=Marhold, K. |author10=Prado, J. |author11=Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F. |author12=Smith, G.F. |author13=Wiersema, J.H. |author14=Turland, N.J. |year=2012 |volume=Regnum Vegetabile 154 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 |publisher=A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG  |isbn=978-3-87429-425-6 |url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title}} Article 23.5</ref>{{refn|group=lower-alpha|-''fer'' is an adjectival suffix, with forms -''fer'' (M), -''fera'' (F), and -''ferum'' (N).<ref>{{citation |author=Stearn, W.T. |year=1992 |title=Botanical Latin: History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary, Fourth edition |publisher=David and Charles }}</ref>}}
-==Uses==
-The fruit of several ''Vitis'' species are grown commercially for consumption as fresh [[grape]]s and for fermentation into [[wine]]. ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'' is the most important such species.
-The [[Grape leaves|leaves]] of several species of grapevine are edible and are used in the production of [[dolmades]] and Vietnamese [[lot leaf|lot leaves]].
-==Commercial distribution==
-[[File:Pago de miraflores la alta albariza sanlúcar barrameda.jpg|thumb|Vitis for producing [[Sherry]] at [[Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez]]]]
-According to the "Food and Agriculture Organization" (FAO), 75,866 square kilometres of the world is dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be used as a sweetener for fruits canned "with no added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year.<!--<br style="clear:both"/>-->
-The following list of top wine-producers shows the corresponding areas dedicated to grapes (regardless of the grapes’ final destination):<ref>{{cite web|title=OIV Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture 2016|url=http://www.oiv.int/public/medias/5029/world-vitiviniculture-situation-2016.pdf|accessdate=7 September 2017}}</ref>
-{{Aligned table
-| class = wikitable sortable | cols = 3 | row1header = on |col2align = right | col3align = right
-| Country
-| Area under vine<ref>thousand [[hectares]]</ref>
-| Grape production<ref>million [[tonne]]s</ref>
-| '''{{noflag|[[World]]}}''' | '''7511''' | '''75.7'''
-| {{flag|Spain}} | 1021| 6.0
-| {{flag|China}} | 830 | 12.6
-| {{flag|France}} | 786 | 6.3
-| {{flag|Italy}} | 682 | 8.2
-| {{flag|Turkey}} | 497 | 3.6
-| {{flag|United States}} | 419 | 7.0
-| {{flag|Argentina}} | 225 | 2.4
-| {{flag|Iran}} | 223 | 2.1
-| {{flag|Portugal}} | 217 |
-| {{flag|Chile}} | 211 | 3.1
-| {{flag|Romania}} | 192 |
-| {{flag|Australia}} | 149 | 1.7
-| {{flag|Moldova}} | 140 |
-| {{flag|South Africa}} | 130 | 2.0
-| {{flag|India}} | 120 | 2.6
-| {{flag|Brazil}} | 85 | 1.5
-| {{flag|New Zealand}} | 39 |
-}}
-==Domestic cultivation==
-Grapevines are widely cultivated by gardeners, and numerous suppliers cater specifically for this trade. The plants are valued for their decorative foliage, often colouring brightly in autumn; their ability to clothe walls, [[pergola]]s and arches, thus providing shade; and their fruits, which may be eaten as dessert or provide the basis for homemade wines. Popular varieties include:-
-{|
-|- valign=top
-|
-*'[[Schiava Grossa]]' (black dessert)
-*'[[Muscat of Alexandria]]' (white dessert)
-*[[Buckland Sweetwater]]' (white dessert)
-|
-*'[[Foster's Seedling]]' (white dessert)
-*'[[Müller-Thurgau]]' (white wine)
-*'[[Seyval blanc]]' (white wine)
-|
-*'[[Phoenix (grape)|Phoenix]]' (white wine)
-*'[[Chardonnay]]' (white wine)
-*'[[Pinot noir]]' (black wine)
-*'[[Regent (grape)|Regent]]' (black wine)<ref name=GYOF>{{cite book|last=Klein|first=Carol|title=Grow your own fruit|year=2009|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781845334345|pages=224}}</ref>
-|}
-The following varieties, grown primarily for their ornamental qualities, have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:-
-{|
-|- valign=top
-|
-*'Brant'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Vitis'' 'Brant '|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5758|accessdate=June 2013}}</ref> (black dessert)
-*''[[Vitis coignetiae]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector ''Vitis coignetiae''|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=2033|accessdate=June 2013}}</ref> (ornamental)
-|
-*'New York Muscat'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Vitis'' 'New York Muscat'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=4675|accessdate=June 2013}}</ref> (black dessert)
-*'Purpurea'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Vitis'' 'Purpurea'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=4675|accessdate=June 2013}}</ref> (ornamental)
-|}
-==Pests and diseases==
-[[File:Palatina.jpg|thumb|'Palatina', a German grape]]{{Main|List of grape diseases|phylloxera}}
-[[Phylloxera]] is an American root aphid that devastated ''V. vinifera'' vineyards in Europe when accidentally introduced in the late 19th century.  Attempts were made to breed in resistance from American species, but many winemakers didn't like the unusual flavour profile of the [[hybrid grape|hybrid vines]].  Fortunately, ''V. vinifera'' grafts readily onto rootstocks of the American species, and most commercial production of grapes now relies on such grafts.
-The [[Black vine weevil]] is another root pest.
-Grapevines are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species - see [[list of Lepidoptera that feed on grapevines]]''.
-==Symbolism==
-The grapevine (typically ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'') has been used as a symbol since ancient times. In [[Greek mythology]], [[Dionysus]] (called [[Bacchus]] by the [[Ancient Romans|Romans]]) was god of the vintage and, therefore, a grapevine with bunches of the fruit are among his attributes. His attendants at the [[Bacchanalia]]n festivals hence had the vine as an attribute, together with the [[thyrsus]], the latter often entwined with vine branches. For the same reason, the Greek wine cup ([[cantharos]]) is commonly decorated with the vine and grapes, wine being drunk as a [[libation]] to the god.
-In [[Christian]] [[iconography]], the vine also frequently appears. It is mentioned several times in the [[New Testament]]. We have the parable of the kingdom of heaven likened to the father starting to engage laborers for his vineyard. The vine is used as symbol of [[Jesus Christ]] based on his own statement, “I am the vine.” In that sense, a vine is placed as sole symbol on the tomb of [[Flavia Julia Constantia|Constantia]], the sister of [[Constantine the Great]], and elsewhere. In [[Byzantine art]], the vine and grapes figure in early [[mosaic]]s, and on the throne of [[Maximianus of Ravenna]] it is used as a decoration.
-The vine as symbol of the [[chosen people]] is employed several times in the [[Old Testament]]. The vine and [[wheat]] [[Ear (botany)|ear]] have been frequently used as symbol of the blood and flesh of Christ, hence figuring as symbols (bread and wine) of the [[Eucharist]] and are found depicted on [[Ostensory|ostensories]]. Often the symbolic vine laden with grapes is found in ecclesiastical decorations with animals biting at the grapes. At times, the vine is used as symbol of temporal blessing.<ref name=amer>{{Americana|wstitle=Vine in Art and Symbolism|year=1920|author=Clement W. Coumbe|inline=1}}</ref>
-==See also==
-*[[Vine staff]]
-*[[Annual growth cycle of grapevines]]
-*[[Old vine]]
-==References==
-===Notes===
-{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
-===Citations===
-{{reflist|30em}}
-===Sources===
-===Further reading===
-* {{ cite journal |author1=Francesco Emanuelli |author2=Silvia Lorenzi |author3=Lukasz Grzeskowiak |author4=Valentina Catalano |author5=Marco Stefanini |author6=Michela Troggio |author7=Sean Myles |author8=José M. Martinez-Zapater |author9=Eva Zyprian |author10=Flavia M. Moreira |author11=M. Stella Grando  |last-author-amp=yes |year=2013 |volume=13 |pages=39 |title=Genetic diversity and population structure assessed by SSR and SNP markers in a large germplasm collection of grape |journal=BMC Plant Biology |publisher=BioMed Central Ltd. |doi=10.1186/1471-2229-13-39 |pmid=23497049 |pmc=3610244}}
-* {{ cite journal |author1=Roberto Bacilieri |author2=Thierry Lacombe |author3=Loic Le Cunff |author4=Manuel Di Vecchi Staraz |author5=Valerie Laucou |author6=Blaise Genna |author7=Jean-Pierre Peros |author8=Patrice This |author9=Jean-Michel Boursiquot |year=2013 |volume=13 |title=Genetic structure in cultivated grapevines is linked to geography and human selection |journal=BMC Plant Biology |publisher=BioMed Central Ltd. |doi=10.1186/1471-2229-13-25|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/13/25 |pages=25}}
-==External links==
-*{{commonscat-inline|Vitis|''Vitis''}}{{wikispecies}}
-* [http://www.eu-vitis.de/docs/descriptors/mcpd/WP2-DESCRIPTORS-v4.pdf List of 48 descriptors] defined in the GRAPEGEN06 project (selected from the 151 [[Office International de la Vigne et du Vin|OIV]] descriptors published in June 2007)
-{{Viticulture}}
-{{taxonbar}}
-[[Category:Vitis| ]]
-[[Category:Vitaceae genera]]
-[[Category:Vines]]
-[[Category:Viticulture|.]]
-[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Difference between revisions of "Vitis"

Latest revision as of 00:39, 5 November 2017

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