Difference between revisions of "Violaceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Violaceae]]
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|name = Violaceae
 
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|image = Viola hedercea01.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''[[Viola banksii]]''
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
 
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|familia = '''Violaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[August Batsch|Batsch]]
 
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|}}
 
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'''Violaceae''' {{IPAc-en|v|eye|@|'|l|ay|s|ee}} is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s consisting of 806 species in 25 genera.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Violaceae/ |title=The Plant List: Violaceae |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden |accessdate=20 November 2016 }}</ref> It takes its name from the [[genus]] ''[[Violet (plant)|Viola]]'',  the violets and [[pansy|pansies]].
 
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Older classifications such as the [[Cronquist system]] placed the Violaceae in an [[order (biology)|order]] named after it, the [[Violales]]. However, more recent classifications such as that of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] locate it in the [[Malpighiales]].
 
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==Description==
 
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Though the best-known genus, ''Viola'', is herbaceous, most species are shrubs or small trees. The simple leaves are alternate or opposite, often with leafy stipules or the stipules are reduced in size. Some species have palmate or deeply dissected leaves. Many species are acaulescent. Inflorescences have solitary flowers or are paniculate; some species have cleistogamous flowers produced after or before the production of typically petaled flowers. Flowers are bisexual or unisexual (e.g. ''Melicytus''), typically zygomorphic or actinomorphic with a calyx of five sepals that are persistent after flowering. Corollae have five mostly unequal petals, and the anterior petal is larger and often spurred. Plants have five stamens with the abaxial stamen often spurred at the base. The gynoecium is a compound pistil of three united carpels with one locule.  Styles are simple, with the ovary superior, and many ovules. The fruits are capsules split by way of three seams.  Seeds have endosperm.
 
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==Taxonomy==
 
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Three [[subfamily|subfamilies]] are recognized: the [[Violoideae]], [[Leonioideae]], and [[Fusispermoideae]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}
 
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===Subfamily Fusispermoideae===
 
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*''[[Fusispermum]]'' <small>[[Cuatrec.]]</small>
 
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===Subfamily Leonioideae===
 
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*''[[Leonia (plant)|Leonia]]'' <small>[[Hipólito Ruiz López|Ruiz]] & [[Pav.]]</small>
 
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===Subfamily Violoideae===
 
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====Tribe Rinoreeae====
 
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=====Subtribe [[Hymenantherinae]]=====
 
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*''[[Hymenanthera]]'' <small>[[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Melicytus]]'' <small>[[Johann Reinhold Forster|J.R.Forst.]] & [[Georg Forster|G.Forst.]]</small>
 
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=====Subtribe [[Isodendriinae]]=====
 
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*''[[Isodendrion]]'' <small>[[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]</small>
 
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=====Subtribe [[Paypayrolinae]]=====
 
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*''[[Amphirrhox]]'' <small>[[Spreng.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Hekkingia]]'' <small>[[J. K. Munzinger]] & [[H.E.Ballard]]</small>
 
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*''[[Paypayrola]]'' <small>[[Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet|Aubl.]]</small>
 
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=====Subtribe [[Rinoreinae]]=====
 
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*''[[Allexis]]'' <small>[[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|Pierre]]</small>
 
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*''[[Decorsella]]'' <small>[[A.Chev.]]</small> (including ''Gymnorinorea'' <small>[[Keay]]</small>)
 
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*''[[Gloeospermum]]'' <small>[[José Jéronimo Triana|Triana]] & [[Planch.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Rinorea]]'' <small>[[Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet|Aubl.]]</small> (including ''Alsodeia'' <small>[[Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars|Thouars]]</small>, ''Phyllanoa'' <small>[[Léon Croizat|Croizat]]</small>, ''Scyphellandra'' <small>[[George Henry Kendrick Thwaites|Thwaites]]</small>)
 
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*''[[Rinoreocarpus]]'' <small>[[Adolpho Ducke|Ducke]]</small>
 
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====Tribe Violeae====
 
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*''[[Agatea]]'' <small>[[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]</small> (included ''Agation'' <small>[[Brongn.]]</small>)
 
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*''[[Anchietea]]'' <small>[[A.St.-Hil.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Corynostylis]]'' <small>[[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Hybanthopsis]]'' <small>[[Paula-Souza]]</small>
 
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*''[[Hybanthus]]'' <small>[[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]]</small> (included ''Acentra'' <small>[[Rodolfo Amando Philippi|Phil.]]</small>, ''Clelandia'' <small>[[J.M.Black]]</small>, ''Cubelium'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz|Raf.]] ex [[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]] & [[A.Br.]]</small>, ''Ionidium'' <small>[[Vent.]]</small>, ''Pigea'' <small>[[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]]</small>)
 
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*''[[Mayanaea]]'' <small>[[Cyrus Longworth Lundell|Lundell]]</small>
 
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*''[[Noisettia]]'' <small>[[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]]</small>
 
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*''[[Orthion]]'' <small>[[Standl.]] & [[Steyerm.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Schweiggeria]]'' <small>[[Spreng.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Viola (plant)|Viola]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> (including ''Erpetion'' <small>[[Robert Sweet (botanist)|Sweet]]</small>, ''Mnemion'' <small>[[Édouard Spach|Spach]]</small>
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/violacea.htm Violaceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] http://delta-intkey.com
 
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*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1182 GRIN Database for the Violaceae]
 
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*[http://www.chileflora.com/Florachilena/FloraEnglish/PIC_FAMILIES_SIMPLE_148.php Chilean Violaceae, by Chileflora]
 
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[[Category:Malpighiales families]]
 
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[[Category:Violaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Taxa named by August Batsch]]
 

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