Difference between revisions of "Dipterocarpaceae"

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{{Taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Dipterocarpaceae]]
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| name = Dipterocarpaceae
 
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| image =Dipterocarpus_retusus_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-054.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Dipterocarpus retusus]]''
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Malvales]]
 
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| familia = '''Dipterocarpaceae'''
 
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| familia_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
 
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| subdivision =
 
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''[[Anisoptera (plant)|Anisoptera]]''<br>
 
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''[[Cotylelobium]]''<br>
 
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''[[Dipterocarpus]]''<br>
 
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''[[Dryobalanops]]''<br>
 
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''[[Hopea]]''<br>
 
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''[[Marquesia]]''<br>
 
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''[[Monotes]]''<br>
 
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''[[Neobalanocarpus]]''<br>
 
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''[[Parashorea]]''<br>
 
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''[[Pseudomonotes]]''<br>
 
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''[[Shorea]]''<br>
 
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''[[Stemonoporus]]''<br>
 
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''[[Upuna]]''<br>
 
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''[[Vateria]]''<br>
 
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''[[Vateriopsis]]''<br>
 
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''[[Vatica]]''
 
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}}
 
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'''Dipterocarpaceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of 16 genera and approximately 695 known species<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> of mainly [[tropical]] lowland [[rainforest]] [[tree]]s. The family name, from the type genus ''[[Dipterocarpus]]'', is derived from [[Greek language|Greek]] (''di'' = two, ''pteron'' = wing and ''karpos'' = fruit) and refers to the two-winged fruit.  The largest genera are ''Shorea'' (196 species), ''Hopea'' (104 species), ''Dipterocarpus'' (70 species), and ''Vatica'' (65 species).<ref name = Ashton>Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. In ''Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak,'' Volume 5, 2004. Soepadmo, E., Saw, L. G. and Chung, R. C. K. eds. Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 983-2181-59-3</ref> Many are large [[forest]] emergent species, typically reaching heights of 40–70 m, some even over 80 m (in the [[genera]] ''[[Dryobalanops]]'',<ref name = Ashton/> ''[[Hopea]]''<ref name = ENTS>{{cite web | url = http://www.nativetreesociety.org/worldtrees/sea_ei/borneo_ii.htm | title = Borneo | publisher = [[Eastern Native Tree Society]] | accessdate= 2009-04-17}}</ref> and ''[[Shorea]]''),<ref name = ENTS/> with the tallest known living specimen (''[[Shorea faguetiana]]'') 88.3 m tall.<ref name = ENTS/> The species of this family are of major importance in the [[timber trade]]. Their distribution is [[pantropical]], from northern [[South America]] to [[Africa]], the [[Seychelles]], [[India]], [[Indochina]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]].<ref>Simon Gardner, Pindar Sidisunthorn and Lai Ee May, 2011. ''Heritage Trees of Penang''. Penang: Areca Books. ISBN 978-967-57190-6-6</ref> The greatest diversity of Dipterocarpaceae occurs in [[Borneo]].<ref name = Ashton2>Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. ''Flora Malesiana'', 1982 Series I, 92: 237-552</ref> Some species are now [[endangered species|endangered]] as a result of overcutting, extensive [[illegal logging]] and habitat conversion. They provide [[Dipterocarp Timber classification|valuable woods]], aromatic [[essential oil]]s, balsam, [[resins]] and are a source for [[plywood]].
 
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==Classification==
 
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The dipterocarp family is generally divided into two subfamilies:
 
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{{Cladogram|title=Phylogeny of the Dipterocarpaceae<ref name="Ashton2"/>
 
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|clades={{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
 
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|label1=&nbsp;Dipterocarpaceae &nbsp;
 
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|1={{clade
 
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          |label1=[[Dipterocarpoideae]]
 
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                  |1={{clade
 
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                  |label1=[[Dipterocarpeae]]
 
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                                |1={{clade
 
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                                |1=''[[Anisoptera (plant)|Anisoptera]]''
 
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                                |2=''[[Cotylelobium]]''
 
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                                |3=''[[Dipterocarpus]]''
 
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                                |4=''[[Stemonoporus]]''
 
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                                |5=''[[Upuna]]''
 
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                                |6=''[[Vateria]]''
 
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                                |7=''[[Vateriopsis]]''
 
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                                |8=''[[Vatica]]''
 
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                                }}
 
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                  |label2=[[Shoreae]]
 
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                                |2={{clade
 
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                                |1=''[[Dryobalanops]]''
 
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                                |2=''[[Hopea]]''
 
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                                |3=''[[Neobalanocarpus]]''
 
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                                |4=''[[Parashorea]]''
 
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                                |5=''[[Shorea]]''
 
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                                }}
 
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                  }}
 
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          |label2=[[Monotoideae]]
 
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                  |2={{Clade
 
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                  |label1=&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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                                |1={{clade
 
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                                |1= ''[[Marquesia]]''
 
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                                |2= ''[[Monotes]]''
 
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                                |3= ''[[Pseudomonotes]]''
 
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                                }}
 
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                  }} 
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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* Dipterocarpoideae: the largest of the subfamilies, it contains 13 genera and about 475 species. Distribution includes the [[Seychelles]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[India]], [[Southeast Asia]] to [[New Guinea]], and a large distribution in Borneo, where they form the dominant species in the lowland forests. North Borneo ([[Brunei]], [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]]) is the richest area in the world for dipterocarp species.<ref name = Ashton/> The Dipterocarpoideae can be divided morphologically into two groups,<ref name = Ashton2/><ref>Maury-Lechon, G. and Curtet, L. Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae. In ''A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture'', 1998. Appanah, S. and Turnbull, J. M. eds. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia. ISBN 979-8764-20-X</ref> and the tribe names Shoreae and Dipterocarpeae are sometimes used, but genetic evidence so far does not support this division:<ref name="pmid 10449398">{{cite journal|title=Phylogeny of the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae based on nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast RBCL gene|url=http://www.mendeley.com/research/p-hylogeny-tropical-tree-family-sequences-chloroplast-rbc-l-gene-1/|author1=S Dayanandan |author2=P S Ashton |author3=S M Williams |author4=R B Primack |year=1999|journal=American Journal of Botany|pmid=10449398|doi=10.2307/2656982 |volume=86 |pages=1182–90}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Molecular phylogeny of Dipterocarpaceae in Indonesia based on chloroplast DNA|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|year=2006|volume=261|issue=1-4|pages=99–115|author1=S. Indrioko |author2=O. Gailing |author3=R. Finkeldey |doi=10.1007/s00606-006-0435-8}}</ref>
 
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**[[Valvate]] - [[Dipterocarpeae]] group (''Anisoptera, Cotylelobium, Dipterocarpus, Stemonoporus, Upuna, Vateria, Vateriopsis, Vatica''). The genera of this group have valvate sepals in fruit, solitary vessels, scattered resin canals, and basic chromosome number x = 11.
 
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** [[Imbricate]] - [[Shoreae]] group (''[[Balanocarpus]], [[Hopea]], [[Parashorea]], [[Shorea]]''). The genera of this group have imbricate sepals in fruit, grouped vessels, resin canals in tangential bands, and basic chromosome number x = 7. A recent molecular study suggest that the genus ''Hopea'' forms a clade with ''Shorea'' sections ''Anthoshorea'' and ''Doona'', and should be merged into ''Shorea''.<ref name="pmid 10449398" />
 
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* [[Monotoideae]]: 3 genera, 30 species. ''[[Marquesia]]'' is native to [[Africa]]. ''[[Monotes]]'' has 26 species, distributed across Africa and Madagascar. ''[[Pseudomonotes]]'' is native to the Colombian Amazon.
 
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* [[Pakaraimoideae]]: formerly placed here contains a single species, ''[[Pakaraimaea roraimae]]'', found in the [[The Guianas|Guaianan highlands]] of South America. It is now found to be more closely related to [[Cistaceae]] and is placed there in the [[APG IV system|APG IV (2016)]]<ref name="apgiv">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–20 | url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/abstract |accessdate=2016-05-20 |doi= 10.1111/boj.12385}}</ref>
 
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A recent genetic study found that the Asian dipterocarps share a common ancestor with the [[Sarcolaenaceae]], a tree family endemic to Madagascar.<ref>M. Ducousso, G. Béna, C. Bourgeois, B. Buyck, G. Eyssartier, M. Vincelette, R. Rabevohitra, L. Randrihasipara, B. Dreyfus, Y. Prin. The last common ancestor of Sarcolaenaceae and Asian dipterocarp trees was ectomycorrhizal before the India-Madagascar separation, about 88 million years ago. ''Molecular Ecology'' 13: 231 January 2004.</ref> This suggests that ancestor of the Dipterocarps originated in the southern supercontinent of [[Gondwana]], and that the common ancestor of the Asian dipterocarps and the Sarcolaenaceae was found in the India-Madagascar-Seychelles land mass millions of years ago, and were carried northward by India, which later collided with Asia  and allowed the dipterocarps to spread across Southeast Asia and Malaysia. The first dipterocarp pollen has been found in Myanmar (which at that time was part of the [[Indian plate]]) and it dates from the upper [[Oligocene]].<ref name=Morley>Morley, R.J. 2000. Origin and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests. [[Wiley-Blackwell]], NY.</ref> The sample appears to slowly increase in terms of diversity and abundance across the region into the mid-[[Miocene]]<ref name=Morley/> Chemical traces of dipterocarp resins have been found dating back to the [[Eocene]] of India.
 
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==Fossilized arthropods==
 
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52-million-year-old [[amber]] found in the [[Gujarat]] province, [[India]], containing a large amount of fossilized [[arthropod]]s, was identified as sap from the Dipterocarpaceae family.<ref>Sample, Ian. [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/oct/25/prehistoric-creatures-indian-amber-haul "Prehistoric creatures discovered in huge Indian amber haul"] ''The Guardian'', 25 October 2010. Retrieved: 26 October 2010.</ref>
 
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==Ecology==
 
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Dipterocarpaceae species can be either evergreen or deciduous.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smitinand | first1 = Tem | last2 = Santisuk | first2 = Thatwatchai | year = 1981 | title = Dipterocarpaceae of Thailand with Special Reference to Silvicultural Ecology | url = | journal = Malaysian Forester | volume = 44 | issue = | pages = 377–85 }}</ref> Species occurring in Thailand grows from sea level to c. 1300 m elevation. Environments in which the species of the family occur in Thailand include: Lowland dipterocarp forest 0–350 m; Riparian fringe; Limestone hills; and Coastal hills.
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{Commons category|Dipterocarpaceae}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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*{{cite web|url=http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Dipterocarps.pdf|title=A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture (PDF version)|author=Center for International Forestry Research|year=1998|isbn=979-8764-20-X}}
 
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*[http://193.62.154.38/diptero/ Dipterocarpaceae Data Base]
 
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/dipteroc.htm Dipterocarpaceae] in [https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com:80/
 
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{{Authority control}}
 
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[[Category:Dipterocarpaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Malvales families]]
 

Latest revision as of 15:35, 4 November 2017

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