Difference between revisions of "Vaccinium"

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{{about|the plant genus|the virus related to smallpox|Vaccinia}}
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#redirect [[:Category:Vaccinium]]
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{{taxobox
 
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|image = Vaccinium.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''Vaccinium'' berries, from top left clockwise: <br />Red huckleberries, cranberries, lingonberries and blueberries
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Ericales]]
 
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|familia = [[Ericaceae]]
 
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|subfamilia = [[Vaccinioideae]]
 
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|tribus = [[Vaccinieae]]
 
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|genus = '''''Vaccinium'''''
 
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|genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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|type_species = ''[[Vaccinium uliginosum]]''<ref name="ing">{{cite web
 
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| url = http://botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Vaccinium
 
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| title = ''Vaccinium'' Linnaeus
 
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| accessdate = 2008-05-09
 
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| date = 2003-02-05
 
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| work = [[Index Nominum Genericorum]]
 
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| publisher = [[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]]
 
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}}</ref>
 
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|synonyms_ref=<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=134285 Flora of North America, ''Vaccinium'' Linnaeus, 1753]</ref>
 
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|synonyms=
 
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* ''Oxycoccus'' <small>Hill</small>
 
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* ''Polycodium'' <small>Raf.</small>
 
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* ''Batodendron'' <small>Nutt.</small>
 
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}}
 
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'''''Vaccinium''''' {{IPAc-en|v|æ|k|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|i|ə|m}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a common and widespread [[genus]] of [[shrub]]s or [[dwarf shrub]]s in the [[Ericaceae|heath family]]. The [[fruit]]s of many species are eaten by humans and some are of commercial importance, including the '''[[cranberry]], [[blueberry]], [[bilberry]]''' or '''[[whortleberry]]''', '''[[lingonberry]]''' or '''[[cowberry]]''', and '''[[huckleberry (plant)|huckleberry]]'''. Like many other ericaceous plants, they are generally restricted to [[acid]]ic soils.
 
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==Description==
 
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The plant structure varies between species: some trail along the ground, some are [[dwarf shrub]]s, and some are larger shrubs perhaps {{Convert|1|to|2|m |ft|sigfig=1 |abbr=on}} tall. The [[fruit]] develops from an inferior ovary, and is a [[berry (botany)|berry]]; it is usually brightly coloured, often being red or bluish with purple juice.
 
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==Taxonomy==
 
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The genus was first described scientifically by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753.<ref name="ing"/> The name ''vaccinium'' was used in [[classical Latin]] for a plant, possibly the [[Vaccinium myrtillus|bilberry]] or a [[hyacinth (plant)|hyacinth]], and may be derived from the Latin ''bacca'', berry, although its ultimate derivation is obscure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hyam |first=R. |last2=Pankhurst |first2=R.J. |year=1995 |title= Plants and their names : a concise dictionary |publication-place= Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-866189-4 |lastauthoramp=yes }} p. 515.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= Coombes |first=Allen J. |year=1994 |title=Dictionary of Plant Names |publication-place= London |publisher= Hamlyn Books |isbn=978-0-600-58187-1 }} p. 187.</ref> It is not the same word as ''vaccinum'' "of or pertaining to [[cow]]s".<ref>{{Cite book |title= Oxford Latin Dictionary |pages= 2000 |editor= P.G.W. Glare |isbn= 0-19-864224-5 |year= 1996 }}</ref>
 
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The [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of the genus is complex, and still under investigation. Genetic analysis indicates that the genus ''Vaccinium'' is not [[Monophyly|monophyletic]].<ref name="kron">{{cite journal | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/2/327 |title= Phylogenetic relationships within the blueberry tribe (Vaccinieae, Ericaceae) based on sequence data from MATK and nuclear ribosomal ITS regions, with comments on the placement of ''Satyria'' |author= Kathleen A. Kron, E. Ann Powell and J. L. Luteyn |journal= American Journal of Botany |year= 2002 |volume= 89 |pages= 327–336 |doi= 10.3732/ajb.89.2.327 |issue=2 | pmid= 21669741}}</ref>  A number of the Asian species are more closely related to ''[[Agapetes]]'' than to other ''Vaccinium'' species.<ref name="kron" /><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=134285 |work= Flora of China |title= Vaccinium }}</ref> A second group includes most of ''[[Orthaea]]'' and ''[[Notopora]]'', at least some of ''[[Gaylussacia]]'' (huckleberry), and a number of species from ''Vaccinium'', such as ''[[Vaccinium crassifolium]]''.<ref name="kron" /> Other parts of ''Vaccinium'' form other groups, sometimes together with species of other genera.<ref name="kron" />''Vaccinium's'' taxonomy can either be resolved by enlarging the genus to include the entirety of the [[Vaccinieae]] tribe, or by breaking the genus up into several different genera.<ref name="kron" />
 
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===Subgenera===
 
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[[File:Vaccinium oxycoccos Ypey28.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|''[[Cranberry|Vaccinium oxycoccos]]'', the common cranberry, one kind of cranberry]]
 
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A classification predating [[molecular phylogeny]] divides ''Vaccinium'' into subgenera, and several sections:
 
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;Subgenus '''''Oxycoccus''''': The [[cranberry|cranberries]], with slender, trailing, wiry non-woody shoots and strongly reflexed flower petals. Some botanists treat ''Oxycoccus'' as a distinct genus.
 
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* Sect. ''Oxycoccus''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium macrocarpon]]'' – American cranberry
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium oxycoccos]]'' – Common cranberry
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium microcarpum]]'' – Small bog cranberry<ref>[http://www.gbif.org/species/7135733 GBIF: ''Vaccinium microcarpum''. Linked 2016-10-17]</ref><ref>[http://www.eol.org/pages/2891482/overview EOL: ''Vaccinium microcarpum''. Linked 2016-10-17]</ref>
 
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* Sect. ''Oxycoccoides''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium erythrocarpum]]'' – Southern mountain cranberry
 
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;Subgenus '''''Vaccinium''''': All the other species, with thicker, upright woody shoots and bell-shaped flowers
 
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* Sect. ''Batodendron''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium arboreum]]'' – Sparkleberry
 
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** ''[[Creeping blueberry|Vaccinium crassifolium]]'' – Creeping blueberry
 
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* Sect. ''Brachyceratium''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium dependens]]''
 
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* Sect. ''Bracteata''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium acrobracteatum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium barandanum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium bracteatum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium coriaceum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium cornigerum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium cruentum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium hooglandii]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium horizontale]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium laurifolium]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium lucidum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium myrtoides]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium phillyreoides]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium reticulatovenosum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium sparsum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium varingifolium]]''
 
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* Sect. ''Ciliata''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium ciliatum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium oldhamii]]''
 
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* Sect. ''Cinctosandra''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium exul]]''
 
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* Sect. ''Conchophyllum''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium corymbodendron]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium delavayi]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium emarginatum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium griffithianum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium meridionale]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium moupinense]]'' – Himalayan blueberry
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium neilgherrense]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium nummularia]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium retusum]]''
 
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* Sect. ''Cyanococcus'' – typical North American [[blueberry|blueberries]]
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium angustifolium]]'' – Lowbush blueberry - also knowns as ''[[Vaccinium stenophyllum]]''<ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/12302882 Tropicos: ''Vaccinium stenophyllum'']</ref>
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium boreale]]'' – Northern blueberry
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium caesariense]]'' – New Jersey blueberry
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium caespitosum]]'' – Dwarf blueberry (dwarf bilberry)
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium corymbosum]]'' – Highbush blueberry
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium darrowii]]'' – Evergreen blueberry
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium elliottii]]'' – Elliott's blueberry
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium formosum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium fuscatum]]'' – Black highbush blueberry; syn. ''V. atrococcum''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium hirsutum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium myrsinites]]'' – Evergreen blueberry
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium myrtilloides]]'' – Canadian blueberry
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium pallidum]]'' <small>Ait.</small> – Dryland blueberry (images<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/vapa4.htm|title=Bioimages|author=|date=|website=www.cas.Vanderbilt.edu|access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref>); syn. ''V. vacillans'' <small>Torr.</small>
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium simulatum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium tenellum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium virgatum]]'' – Rabbiteye blueberry; syn. ''V. ashei''
 
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* Sect. ''Eococcus''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium fragile]]''
 
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* Sect. ''Epigynium''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium vacciniaceum]]''
 
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* Sect. ''Galeopetalum''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium chunii]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium dunalianum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium glaucoalbum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium urceolatum]]''
 
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* Sect. ''Hemimyrtillus''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium arctostaphylos]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium cylindraceum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium hirtum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium padifolium]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium smallii]]''
 
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* Sect. ''Koreanum''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium koreanum]]'' – Korean blueberry
 
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* Sect. ''Myrtillus'' (including sect. ''Macropelma'') – [[Bilberry|bilberries]] and relatives
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium calycinum]]'' <small>[[James Edward Smith|Sm.]]</small> – ''[[Ōhelo kau laʻau]]'' ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium cereum]]'' <small>(L.f.) Forst.f.</small> – [[East Polynesian blueberry]], [[Pacific blueberry]]
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium cespitosum]]'' – [[Dwarf bilberry]]
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium deliciosum]]'' – [[Cascade bilberry]], Cascade blueberry, blueleaf huckleberry
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium dentatum]]'' <small>[[James Edward Smith|Sm.]]</small> – ''[[Ōhelo]]'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium membranaceum]]'' – [[Square-twig blueberry]], thinleaf huckleberry, tall huckleberry, big huckleberry, mountain huckleberry, "[[black huckleberry]]"
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium myrtillus]]'' – [[Common bilberry]], blue whortleberry, blaeberry, fraughan, hurtleberry
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium ovalifolium]]'' – [[Alaska blueberry]], early blueberry, oval-leaf blueberry
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium parvifolium]]'' – [[Red huckleberry]]
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium praestans]]'' – ''[[Krasnika]]'' ({{lang-ru|[[:ru:Красника|Красника]]}})
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium reticulatum]]'' – ''[[Ōhelo ʻai]]'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium scoparium]]'' – [[Grouse whortleberry]], grouseberry, littleleaf huckleberry
 
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* Sect. ''Neurodesia''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium crenatum]]''
 
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* Sect. ''Oarianthe''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium ambyandrum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium cyclopense]]''
 
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* Sect. ''Oreades''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium poasanum]]''
 
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* Sect. ''Pachyanthum''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium fissiflorum]]''
 
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* Sect. ''Polycodium''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium stamineum]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> – Deerberry; syn. ''V. caesium'' (eastern North America) (images<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/vast.htm|title=Bioimages|author=|date=|website=www.cas.Vanderbilt.edu|access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref>)
 
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* Sect. ''Pyxothamnus''
 
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** ''Vaccinium consanguineum''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium floribundum]]''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium ovatum]]'' <small>[[Frederick Traugott Pursh|Pursh]]</small> – California huckleberry (or evergreen huckleberry) (coastal western North America)
 
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* Sect. ''Vaccinium''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium uliginosum]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> – Northern (or bog) bilberry (or blueberry); syn. ''V. occidentale'' (northern North America and Eurasia)
 
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* Sect. ''Vitis-idaea''
 
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** ''[[Vaccinium vitis-idaea]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> – Partridgeberry, cowberry, redberry, red whortleberry, or lingonberry (northern North America and Eurasia)
 
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==Distribution and habitat==
 
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The genus contains about 450 species,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.vaccinium.org/species |title= ''vaccinium'' species |access-date=20 August 2016 }}</ref> which are found mostly in the cooler areas of the [[Northern Hemisphere]], although there are tropical species from areas as widely separated as [[Madagascar]] and [[Hawaii]].
 
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Plants of this group typically require [[acid]]ic soils, and as wild plants they live in habitats such as [[heath (habitat)|heath]], [[bog]] and acidic [[woodland]] (for example, blueberries under oaks or pines). Blueberry plants are commonly found in [[oak-heath forest]]s in eastern North America.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/ncTIIIe.shtml |title=''The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups'' (Version 2.3), Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2010 |author=|date= |website= Virginia.gov |accessdate= 13 June 2017}}</ref><ref>Schafale, M. P. and A. S. Weakley (1990). ''Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation''. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.</ref>
 
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==Ecology==
 
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''Vaccinium'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of a number of [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterfly]] and [[moth]]) species – see [[list of Lepidoptera that feed on Vaccinium]].
 
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== Production ==
 
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[[File:Cranberrys beim Ernten.jpeg|thumb|Harvest cranberries, New Jersey, [[United States]]]]
 
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{| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" align="center"
 
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|-----
 
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| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor=#DDFFDD |
 
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'''Production tonnes. Figures 2003–2004'''<br /> <small>FAOSTAT data ([[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]])</small>
 
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|-----
 
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| [[United States]]||280,503||80%||270,000||78%
 
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|------
 
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| [[Canada]]||52,651||15%||53,400||16%
 
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|------
 
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| [[Belarus]]||8,000||2%||10,000||3%
 
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|------
 
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| [[Latvia]]||8,000||2%||8,000||2%
 
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|------
 
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| [[Azerbaijan]]||2,000||1%||1,500||0%
 
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|------
 
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| [[Ukraine]]||1,000||0%||1,000||0%
 
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|------
 
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| [[Tunisia]]||50||0%||50||0%
 
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|------
 
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| [[Turkey]]||50||0%||50||0%
 
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|------
 
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| '''Total'''||'''352 254'''||100%||'''344 000'''||100%
 
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|}
 
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==References==
 
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<references />
 
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==External links==
 
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{{commons category|Vaccinium}}
 
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* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?12610 ''Vaccinium'' information from U.S. National Plant Germplasm System]
 
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* [http://www.nature.british-towns.net/nature/07_specie_menu.asp?GetLGID=39235&page=1 British Towns and Villages Network, ''Vaccinium''; Species of the Genus ''Vaccinium'']
 
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[[Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]]
 
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[[Category:Vaccinium| ]]
 
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[[Category:Ericaceae genera]]
 

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