Difference between revisions of "Solanum"

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{{other uses}}
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#redirect [[:Category:Solanum]]
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{{hatnote|"Horsenettle" and variants redirect here. If used for a particular species, this name usually applies to the [[Carolina horsenettle]] (''S. carolinense'')}}
 
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{{automatic taxobox
 
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|image = Starr_020323-0062_Solanum_seaforthianum.jpg
 
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|image_caption = Brazilian nightshade (''[[Solanum seaforthianum]]'')
 
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|display_parents = 2
 
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|taxon = Solanum
 
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|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=grin>{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11264 | title = ''Solanum'' L. | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network | publisher = United States Department of Agriculture | date = 2009-09-01 | accessdate = 2013-07-15 }}</ref>
 
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|subdivision_ranks = [[Subgenera]]
 
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|subdivision = ''Bassovia''<br />
 
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''Leptostemonum''<br />
 
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''Lyciosolanum''<br />
 
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''Solanum''<br />
 
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(but see text)
 
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|synonyms = ''Androcera'' <small>Nutt.</small><br />
 
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''Aquartia'' <small>Jacq.</small><br />
 
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''Artorhiza'' <small>Raf.</small><br />
 
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''Bassovia'' <small>Aubl.</small><br />
 
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''Battata'' <small>Hill</small><br />
 
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''Bosleria'' <small>A.Nelson</small><br />
 
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''Ceranthera'' <small>Raf.</small><br />
 
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''Cliocarpus'' <small>Miers</small><br />
 
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''[[Cyphomandra]]'' <small>Mart. ex Sendtn.</small><br />
 
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''Diamonon'' <small>Raf.</small><br />
 
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''Dulcamara'' <small>Moench</small><br />
 
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''[[Lycopersicon]]'' <small>Mill.</small><br />
 
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''Melongena'' <small>Mill.</small><br />
 
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''Normania'' <small>Lowe</small><br />
 
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''Nycterium'' <small>Vent.</small><br />
 
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''Ovaria'' <small>Fabr.</small><br />
 
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''Parmentiera'' <small>Raf. (''non'' DC.: [[Parmentiera|preoccupied]])</small><br />
 
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''Petagnia'' <small>Raf.</small><br />
 
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''Pheliandra'' <small>Werderm.</small><br />
 
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''Pseudocapsicum'' <small>Medik.</small><br />
 
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''Scubulus'' <small>Raf.</small><br />
 
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''Solanastrum'' <small>Fabr.</small><br />
 
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''Solanocharis'' <small>Bitter</small><br />
 
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''Solanopsis'' <small>Bitter</small><br />
 
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''Triguera'' <small>Cav.</small>
 
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}}
 
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'''''Solanum''''' is a large and diverse [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s, which include two food crops of high economic importance, the [[potato]] and the [[tomato]]. It also contains the nightshades and horse nettles, as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit.
 
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''Solanum'' species show a wide range of growing habits, such as [[annual plant|annual]] and [[perennial plant|perennial]]s, [[vine]]s, [[subshrub]]s, [[shrub]]s, and small [[tree]]s. Many formerly independent genera like ''[[Lycopersicon]]'' (the tomatoes) and ''[[Cyphomandra]]'' are now included in ''Solanum'' as [[subgenera]] or [[section (botany)|section]]s. Thus, the genus today contains roughly 1,500–2,000 [[species]].
 
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==Name==
 
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The generic name was first used by [[Pliny the Elder]] (23–79) for a plant also known as ''strychnos'', most likely ''S. nigrum''. Its derivation is uncertain, possibly stemming from the [[Latin]] word ''sol'', meaning "sun," referring to its status as a plant of the sun.  Another possibility is that the root was ''solare'', meaning "to soothe," or ''solamen'', meaning "a comfort," which would refer to the soothing effects of the plant upon ingestion.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2ndDtX-RjYkC | title = CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names | volume = 4 R-Z | first = U. | last = Quattrocchi | publisher = Taylor and Francis | location = USA | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8493-2678-3 | page = 2058 }}</ref>
 
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==Nightshades==
 
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The species most commonly called nightshade in North America and Britain is ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'', also called bittersweet or woody nightshade. Its foliage and egg-shaped red berries are poisonous, the active principle being [[solanine]], which can cause convulsions and death if taken in large doses.  The black nightshade (''[[Solanum nigrum|S. nigrum]]'') is also generally considered poisonous, but its fully ripened fruit and foliage are cooked and eaten in some areas. The deadly nightshade (''[[Atropa belladonna]]'') is not in the Solanum genus, but is a member of the wider Solanaceae family.
 
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==Food crops==
 
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Most parts of the plants, especially the green parts and unripe fruit, are [[poison]]ous to humans (although not necessarily to other animals), but many species in the genus bear some edible parts, such as [[fruit]]s, [[leaf|leaves]], or [[tuber]]s. Three crops in particular have been bred and harvested for consumption by humans for centuries, and are now cultivated on a global scale:
 
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* [[Tomato]], ''S. lycopersicum''
 
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** It should be noted that tomato varieties are sometimes bred from both ''S. lycopersicum'' and wild tomato species such as ''S. pimpinellifolium'', ''S. peruvianum'', ''S. cheesmanii'', ''S. galapagense'', ''S. chilense'', etc. (Such varieties include—among others—Bicentennial, Dwarf Italian, Epoch, Golden Sphere, Hawaii, Ida Red, Indigo Rose,<ref>http://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/purple-tomato-debuts-indigo-rose</ref> Kauai, Lanai, Marion, Maui, Molokai, Niihau, Oahu, Owyhee, Parma, Payette, Red Lode, Super Star, Surecrop, Tuckers Forcing, V 121, Vantage, Vetomold, and Waltham.)<ref>http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wehner/vegcult/</ref>
 
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* [[Potato]], ''S. tuberosum''
 
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* [[Eggplant]] (also known as brinjal or aubergine), ''S. melongena''
 
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Other species are significant food crops regionally, such as [[Ethiopian eggplant]] and [[scarlet eggplant|gilo]] (''[[Solanum aethiopicum|S. aethiopicum]]''), [[naranjilla]] or lulo (''S. quitoense''), turkey berry (''[[Solanum torvum|S. torvum]]''), pepino (''[[Solanum muricatum|S. muricatum]]''), [[Tamarillo]], or the "[[bush tomato]]es" (several [[Australia]]n species).
 
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==Ornamentals==
 
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The species most widely seen in cultivation as ornamental plants are:-
 
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*''[[Solanum aviculare|S. aviculare]]'' (kangaroo apple)
 
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*''[[Solanum capsicastrum|S. capsicastrum]]'' (false Jerusalem cherry, winter cherry)
 
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*''[[Solanum crispum|S. crispum]]'' (Chilean potato tree)
 
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*''[[Solanum laciniatum|S. laciniatum]]'' (kangaroo apple)
 
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*''[[Solanum laxum|S. laxum]]'' (potato vine)
 
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*''[[Solanum pseudocapsicum|S. pseudocapsicum]]'' (Christmas cherry, winter cherry)
 
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*''[[Solanum rantonnetii|S. rantonnetii]]'' (blue potato bush)
 
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*''[[Solanum seaforthianum|S. seaforthianum]]'' (Italian jasmine, St. Vincent lilac)
 
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*''[[Solanum wendlandii|S. wendlandii]]'' (paradise flower, potato vine)<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}</ref>
 
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==Medicine==
 
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Poisonings associated with certain species of ''Solanum'' are not uncommon and may be fatal. However, several species are locally used in [[folk medicine]], particularly by native peoples who have long employed them.
 
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==Ecology==
 
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''Solanum'' species are used as food plants by the [[Caterpillar|larvae]] of some [[Lepidoptera]] species ([[Butterfly|butterflies]] and [[moth]]s) – see [[list of Lepidoptera that feed on Solanum]].
 
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==Systematics==
 
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{{see also|List of Solanum species}}
 
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The genus was established by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753.<ref name=usda2006>{{cite web | title = Solanum Phylogeny | url = http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/solanaceaesource/taxonomy/phylogeny/index.jsp | work = Solanaceae Source | publisher = Natural History Museum | accessdate = 2009-11-01 }}</ref> Its subdivision has always been problematic, but slowly some sort of consensus is being achieved.
 
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The following list is a provisional lineup of the genus' traditional subdivisions, together with some notable species.<ref name = usda2006 /> Many of the [[subgenera]] and [[section (botany)|section]]s might not be valid; they are used here provisionally as the [[phylogeny]] of this genus is not fully resolved yet and many species have not been reevaluated.
 
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[[Cladistic]] analyses of [[DNA sequence]] data suggests that the present subdivisions and rankings are largely invalid. Far more subgenera would seem to warrant recognition, with ''Leptostemonum'' being the only one that can at present be clearly subdivided into sections. Notably, it includes as a major lineage several members of the traditional sections ''Cyphomandropsis'' and the old genus ''[[Cyphomandra]]''.<ref name=grin/>
 
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===Subgenus ''Bassovia''===
 
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'''Section ''Allophylla'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum granuloso-leprosum]]''
 
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'''Section ''Cyphomandropsis'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum glaucophyllum]]'' <small>Desf.</small> – [[Waxy-leaved nightshade]]<!-- = S. glaucum, S. malacoxylon -->
 
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'''Section ''Pachyphylla'''''
 
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* ''[[Tamarillo|Solanum betaceum]]'' <small>Cav.</small> – Tamarillo
 
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* ''[[Solanum exiguum]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum roseum]]''
 
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===Subgenus ''Leptostemonum''===
 
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[[File:Solanum palinacanthum.jpg|thumb|''[[Solanum palinacanthum]]'']]
 
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[[File:Solanum atropurpureum fruits.jpg|thumb|[[Five-minute plant]] (''[[Solanum atropurpureum|S. atropurpureum]]'') fruit]]
 
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[[File:Starr 020913-0042 Solanum robustum.jpg|thumb|[[Shrubby nightshade]] (''[[Solanum robustum|S. robustum]]'') flowers]]
 
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[[File:Starr 980529-4264 Solanum wendlandii.jpg|thumb|[[Giant potatocreeper]] (''[[Solanum wendlandii|S. wendlandii]]'') flowers]]
 
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[[File:Solanum pyracanthum 05 ies.jpg|thumb|[[Porcupine tomato]] (''[[Solanum pyracanthum|S. pyracanthum]]'') fruit]]
 
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'''Section ''Acanthophora'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum aculeatissimum]]'' <small>Jacq.</small> – [[Indian nightshade]]<!-- = S. khasianum -->
 
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* ''[[Solanum atropurpureum]]'' <small>Schrank</small> – [[Five-minute plant]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum capsicoides]]'' – [[Cockroach berry]], ''polohauaiʻi'' ([[Polynesian language|Polynesian]])
 
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* ''[[Solanum mammosum]]'' – [[Nipplefruit]], titty fruit, cow's udder, "[[Solanum mammosum|apple of Sodom]]"
 
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* ''[[Solanum palinacanthum]]'' <small>[[Michel Félix Dunal|Dunal]]</small><!-- Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 14 (3) 285-287 -->
 
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* ''[[Solanum viarum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – Tropical soda apple
 
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'''Section ''Androceras''''': 12 spp.[https://www.jstor.org/pss/2418419]
 
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* Series ''Androceras''
 
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* Series ''Violaceiflorum''
 
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* Series ''Pacificum''
 
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'''Section ''Anisantherum'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Campanulata'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Crinitum'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Croatianum'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Erythrotrichum'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum robustum]]'' <small>H.L.Wendl.</small> – [[Shrubby nightshade]]
 
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'''Section ''Graciliflorum'''''{{Verify source|date=October 2008}}<br />
 
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'''Section ''Herposolanum'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum wendlandii]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small> – [[Giant potatocreeper]]
 
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'''Section ''Irenosolanum'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum incompletum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – ''Pōpolo kū mai''<!-- "imcompletum" is lapsus --> ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])
 
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* ''[[Solanum nelsonii]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – Nelson's horsenettle, ''{{okina}}Ākia'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)
 
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* ''[[Solanum sandwicense]]'' <small>Hook. & Arn.</small> – [[Hawaiian horsenettle]], ''Pōpolo{{okina}}aiakeakua'' ([[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]], [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]])
 
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'''Section ''Ischyracanthum'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Lasiocarpa'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum lasiocarpum]]'' <small>Dunal</small>
 
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* ''[[Solanum pseudolulo]]'' – ''lulo de perro'' (Colombia)
 
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* ''[[Solanum quitoense]]'' – ''[[lulo]]'' ([[Colombia]]), ''naranjilla'' ([[Ecuador]])
 
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* ''[[Solanum sessiliflorum]]'' – [[Cocona]]
 
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'''Section ''Melongena'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum aculeastrum]]'' – [[Soda apple]], sodaapple nightshade, goat apple, poison apple, "[[bitter-apple]]"
 
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* ''[[Solanum campechiense]]'' – [[Redberry nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum carolinense]]'' <small></small> – [[Carolina horsenettle]], radical weed, sand brier, devil's tomato, "[[bull nettle]]", "[[Solanum carolinense|tread-softly]]", "[[Solanum carolinense|apple of Sodom]]", "[[wild tomato]]" ([[southeastern United States]])
 
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* ''[[Solanum citrullifolium]]'' <small>A.Braun</small> – Watermelon nightshade (southern [[United States]])
 
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* ''[[Solanum dimidiatum]]'' <small>Raf.</small> – [[Torrey's nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum elaeagnifolium]]'' – [[Silver-leaved nightshade]], prairie berry, silverleaf nettle, white horsenettle, silver nightshade, "[[bull-nettle]]", "trompillo" (Spanish); Silver-leaf bitter-apple, ''satansbos'' (South Africa)
 
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* ''[[Solanum heterodoxum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – [[Melon-leaved nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum incanum]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Solanum linnaeanum]]'' – [[Devil's apple]], "[[Solanum linnaeanum|apple of Sodom]]"
 
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* ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Solanum marginatum]]'' <small>L.f.</small> – [[White-margined nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' – [[Eggplant]], aubergine (including ''S. ovigerum'')
 
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* ''[[Solanum rostratum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – Buffalo bur, Texas thistle
 
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* ''[[Solanum sisymbriifolium]]'' <small>[[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]</small> – [[Sticky nightshade]], fire-and-ice
 
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* ''[[Solanum virginianum]]'' <small>L.</small><!-- = S. surattense -->
 
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'''Section ''Micracantha'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum jamaicense]]'' <small>Mill.</small> – [[Jamaican nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum lanceifolium]]'' <small>Jacq.</small> – [[Lance-leaved nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum tampicense]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – [[Wetland nightshade]]
 
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'''Section ''Monodolichopus'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Nycterium'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Oliganthes'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum aethiopicum]]'' – [[Ethiopian eggplant]], nakati, mock tomato, Ethiopian nightshade; including ''S. gilo'' ([[scarlet eggplant]], Gilo or ''jiló'')
 
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* ''[[Solanum centrale]]'' – [[Australian desert raisin]], bush raisin, bush sultana, "[[bush tomato]]", ''akatjurra'' ([[Alyawarre]]),  ''kampurarpa'' ([[Pitjantjatjara language|Pitjantjatjara]]), ''merne akatyerre'' ([[Arrernte language|Arrernte]]), ''kutjera''
 
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* ''[[Solanum cleistogamum]]'' – "[[bush tomato]]", ''merne mwanyerne'' (Arrernte)
 
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* ''[[Solanum ellipticum]]'' – [[Potato bush]], "[[bush tomato]]"
 
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* ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' <small>Lam.</small> – [[Porcupine tomato]], [[Devil's Thorn]]<!-- = S. pyracanthos, = S. pyracanthum -->
 
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* ''[[Solanum quadriloculatum]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small> – "[[bush tomato]]", "[[wild tomato]]" (Australia)
 
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'''Section ''Persicariae'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum bahamense]]'' <small>L.</small> – Bahama nightshade, canker berry, ''berengena de playa''
 
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* ''[[Solanum ensifolium]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – Erubia
 
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'''Section ''Polytrichum'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Pugiunculifera'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Somalanum'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Torva'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum asteropilodes]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum chrysotrichum]]'' <small>Schltdl.</small> – [[Giant devil's-fig]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum lanceolatum]]'' – [[Orangeberry nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum paniculatum]]'' – [[Jurubeba]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum torvum]]'' – Turkey berry, devil's fig, prickly nightshade, shoo-shoo bush, wild eggplant, pea eggplant
 
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===Subgenus ''Lyciosolanum''===
 
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* ''[[Solanum guineense]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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===Subgenus ''Solanum sensu stricto''===
 
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[[File:Solanum erianthum Don W IMG 1621.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Solanum erianthum]]'']]
 
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[[File:Solanum jasminoides1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jasmine nightshade]] (''[[Solanum laxum|S. laxum]]'') flowers]]
 
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[[File:Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Currant tomato]] (''S. pimpinellifolium'') fruit]]
 
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[[File:Andean black potato 2.JPG|thumb|right|[[Andes|Andean]] black [[potato]]es (''S. tuberosum'')]]
 
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[[File:Solanum torvum 3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Turkey berry]] (''S. torvum'') flowers]]
 
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[[File:Solanum villosum 01-10-2005 11.10.56.JPG|thumb|right|[[Yellow nightshade]] (''[[Solanum villosum|S. villosum]]'') fruit]]
 
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'''Section ''Afrosolanum'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Anarrhichomenum'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum baretiae]]''<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tepe | first1 = E. J. | last2 = Ridley | first2 = G. | last3 = Bohs | first3 = L. | title = A new species of Solanum named for Jeanne Baret, an overlooked contributor to the history of botany | journal = PhytoKeys | year = 2012 | volume = 2012 | issue = 8 | pages = 37–47 | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.8.2101 | pmc = 3254248 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3254248/pdf/PhytoKeys-008-037.pdf | format = pdf | pmid=22287929}}</ref>
 
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'''Section ''Archaesolanum'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum aviculare]]'' – [[Poroporo]] (New Zealand), kangaroo apple (Australia)
 
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'''Section ''Basarthrum'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum catilliflorum]]''<ref name="AndersonMartine2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Anderson | first1 = G. J. | last2 = Martine | first2 = C. T. | last3 = Prohens | first3 = J. | last4 = Nuez | first4 = F. | title =''Solanum perlongistylum'' and ''S. catilliflorum'', New Endemic Peruvian Species of Solanum, Section Basarthrum, Are Close Relatives of the Domesticated Pepino, ''S. muricatum'' | journal = Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | year = 2006 | pages = 161–167 | issn = 1055-3177 | doi = 10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[161:SPASCN]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref>
 
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* ''[[Solanum muricatum]]'' – Pepino dulce, pepino melon, melon pear, "pepino", "tree melon"
 
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* ''[[Solanum perlongistylum]]''<ref name="AndersonMartine2006"/>
 
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* ''[[Solanum tergosericeum]]''<ref name=ochoa>{{ cite journal | author = Ochoa, C. M. | title = ''Solanum tergosericeum'' (Solanaceae sect. Basarthrum): A new species from Peru | journal = Phytologia | year = 2006 | volume = 88 | issue = 2 | pages = 212–215 | url = http://www.phytologia.org/Phytologia%20PDFs/88%282%29pdfFiles/88%282%29212-215Ochoa.pdf }}</ref>
 
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'''Section ''Benderianum'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Brevantherum'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum bullatum]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum erianthum]]'' <small>D.Don</small> – Potato tree, "mullein nightshade"
 
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* ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' – [[Woolly nightshade]], ear-leaved nightshade, flannel weed, bugweed, tobacco weed, kerosene plant, "wild tobacco" (Australia)
 
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* [[Solanum evolvuloides]]
 
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'''Section ''Dulcamara'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum crispum]]'' – Chilean potato vine, Chilean nightshade, Chilean potato tree
 
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* ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' – Bittersweet
 
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* ''[[Solanum imbaburense]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum laxum]]'' <small>Spreng.</small> – [[Jasmine nightshade]]<!-- = S. jasminoides -->
 
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* ''[[Solanum leiophyllum]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum seaforthianum]]'' <small>Andrews</small> – [[Brazilian nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum triquetrum]]'' <small>Cav.</small> – [[Texas nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum wallacei]]'' – [[Wallace's nightshade]], Catalina nightshade, Clokey's nightshade, "[[wild tomato]]" (including ''S. clokeyi'')
 
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* ''[[Solanum xanti]]'' – Purple nightshade, San Diego nightshade
 
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'''Section ''Herpystichum'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Holophylla'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum diphyllum]]'' <small>L.</small> – Twin-leaved nightshade
 
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* ''[[Jerusalem cherry|Solanum pseudocapsicum]]'' – Jerusalem cherry, Madeira winter cherry, "winter cherry" (including ''S. capsicastrum'')
 
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* ''[[Solanum pseudoquina]]'' (including ''S. inaequale'' <small>Vell.</small>)
 
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'''Section ''Juglandifolia'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum juglandifolium]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum ochranthum]]''
 
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'''Section ''Lemurisolanum'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Lycopersicoides'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum lycopersicoides]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – [[Peruvian wolfpeach]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum sitiens]]''
 
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'''Section ''Lycopersicon'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum arcanum]]'' <small>Peralta</small> – "[[wild tomato]]"
 
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* ''[[Solanum chilense]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum corneliomulleri]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum huaylasense]]'' <small>Peralta</small>
 
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* ''[[Solanum peruvianum]]'' <small>L.</small> – [[Peruvian nightshade]], "[[wild tomato]]"
 
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* ''[[Solanum cheesmaniae]]'' <small>(L.Riley) Fosberg</small><!-- Systemat.Biodivers.1:29 -->
 
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* ''[[Solanum chmielewskii]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum galapagense]]'' <small>S.C.Darwin & Peralta</small><!-- Systemat.Biodivers.1:29 -->
 
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* ''[[Solanum habrochaites]]''
 
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* ''[[Tomato|Solanum lycopersicum]]'' – Tomato
 
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* ''[[Solanum neorickii]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum pennelli]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum pimpinellifolium]]'' – [[Currant tomato]]
 
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'''Section ''Macronesiotes'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Normania'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Petota'''''<!-- subsections Estolonifera and Potatoe -->
 
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* ''[[Solanum albornozii]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum bulbocastanum]]'' – [[Ornamental nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum bukasovii]]'' <small>Juz. ex Rybin</small><!--  =? S. canasense -->
 
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* ''[[Solanum burtonii]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum cardiophyllum]]'' – [[Heart-leaved nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum chilliasense]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum commersonii]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – [[Commerson's nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum demissum]]'' <small>Lindl.</small> – [[Dwarf wild potato]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum jamesii]]'' – Wild potato
 
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* ''[[Solanum minutifoliolum]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum paucijugum]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum phureja]]'' <small>Juz. & Bukasov</small>
 
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* ''[[Solanum pinnatisectum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – [[Tansy-leaved nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum regularifolium]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum stoloniferum]]'' <small>Schltdl.</small> – [[Tigna potato]], Fendler's horsenettle
 
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* ''[[Solanum stenotomum]]'' (including ''S. goniocalyx'')
 
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* ''[[Solanum ternatum]]'' (including ''S. ternifolium'')
 
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* ''[[Potato|Solanum tuberosum]]'' – Potato
 
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'''Section ''Pteroidea'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Quadrangulare'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Regmandra'''''<br />
 
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'''Section ''Solanum'''''
 
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* ''[[Solanum adscendens]]'' <small>Sendtner</small> – Sonoita nightshade ([[Americas]])
 
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* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' <small>[[Philip Miller|Mill.]]</small> – American nightshade, American black nightshade, glossy nightshade ([[Americas]], [[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])
 
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* ''[[Solanum chenopodioides]]'' <small>Lam.</small> – [[Goosefoot nightshade]], slender nightshade (including ''S. gracilius'')
 
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* ''[[Solanum douglasii]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – [[Green-spotted nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum interius]]'' <small>Rydb.</small>
 
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* ''[[Solanum nigrescens]]'' <small>M.Martens & Galeotti</small> – [[Divine nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum nigrum]]'' <small>L.</small> – [[European black nightshade]], "[[black nightshade]]"
 
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*  S. nigrum guineense- "Garden Huckleberry"
 
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* ''[[Solanum pseudogracile]]'' <small>Heiser</small> – [[Glowing nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum ptychanthum]]'' – [[West Indian nightshade]], Eastern black nightshade
 
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* ''[[Solanum retroflexum]]'' – [[Wonderberry]], sunberry
 
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* ''[[Solanum sarrachoides]]'' – Hairy nightshade
 
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* ''[[Solanum scabrum]]''  <small>Mill.</small> – [[Garden huckleberry]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum triflorum]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> – [[Cut-leaved nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum villosum]]'' <small>Mill.</small> – [[Yellow nightshade]]
 
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===Other notable species===
 
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[[File:Solanum furcatum I.JPG|thumb|right|[[Forked nightshade]] (''S. furcatum'')]]
 
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[[File:Solanum umbelliferum Bluewitch.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bluewitch nightshade]] (''S. umbelliferum'') flowers]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum amygdalifolium]]'' <small>Steud.</small>
 
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* ''[[Solanum bellum]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum cajanumense]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum chimborazense]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum chrysasteroides]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum cinnamomeum]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum conocarpum]]'' <small>Rich. ex Dunal</small> – [[Marron bacoba]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum cowiei]]'' <small>Martine</small>
 
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* ''[[Solanum cremastanthemum]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum davisense]]'' <small>Whalen</small> – [[Davis' horsenettle]]<!-- "davisensen" is lapsus -->
 
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* ''[[Solanum densepilosulum]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum donianum]]'' <small>Walp.</small> – [[Mullein nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum dolichorhachis]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum fallax]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum ferox]]'' <small>L.</small> – [[Hairy-fruited eggplant]], [[Thai hairy-fruited eggplant]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum fortunense]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum furcatum]]'' – [[Forked nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum glabratum]]'' <small>Dunal</small><!-- = S. bahamense Forssk. -->
 
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* ''[[Solanum haleakalaense]]'' <small>H.St.John</small><!-- "haleakalense" is lapsus -->
 
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* ''[[Solanum hindsianum]]'' <small>Benth.</small> – [[Hinds' nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum hypermegethes]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum hypocalycosarcum]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum interandinum]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum latiflorum]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum leucodendron]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum lumholtzianum]]'' <small>Bartlett</small> – [[Sonoran nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum luteoalbum]]'' (including ''S. semicoalitum'')
 
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* ''[[Solanum lycocarpum]]'' – [[Wolf apple]], ''fruta-de-lobo, lobeira'' (Brazil)
 
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* ''[[Solanum melissarum]]'' <small>Bohs</small>
 
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* ''[[Solanum nudum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – [[Forest nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum ovum-fringillae]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum paralum]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum parishii]]'' <small>A.Heller</small> – [[Parish's nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum physalifolium]]'' <small>Rusby</small><!-- = S. nitidibaccatum f. integrifolium Blom. BiolConserv137:248. -->
 
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* ''[[Solanum pinetorum]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum polygamum]]'' <small>Vahl</small> – [[Cakalaka berry]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum pyrifolium]]'' <small>Lam.</small>
 
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* ''[[Solanum pubescens]]'' <small>Willd.</small>
 
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* ''[[Solanum riedlei]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – [[Riedle's nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum rudepannum]]'' <small>Dunal</small><!-- = S. fendleri Van Heurck & Müll.Arg., = S. torvum var. fructipendulum Sendtn. in Mart., = S. torvum var. ochraceo-ferrugineum Dunal in DC. -->
 
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* ''[[Solanum rugosum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – ''[[tabacon aspero]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum sibundoyense]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum sodiroi]]'' (including ''S. carchiense'')
 
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* ''[[Solanum sycocarpum]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum tenuipes]]'' <small>Bartlett</small> – [[Fancy nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum tobagense]]''
 
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* ''[[Solanum trilobatum]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Solanum umbelliferum]]'' – [[Bluewitch nightshade]]
 
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* ''[[Solanum verrogeneum]]'' <small>Berengena</small>
 
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* ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' <small>Ortega</small><!-- = S. racemosum Noronha, = Solanum nelsonii Zipp. ex Span. -->
 
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* ''[[Solanum viride]]'' <small>Spreng.</small> – Green Nightshade<!--  [[Cultivar]] from Fiji: ''[[Solanum anthropophagorum]]'' <small>Seem.</small> -->
 
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* ''[[Solanum woodburyi]]'' <small>Howard</small> – [[Woodbury's nightshade]]
 
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===Formerly placed here===
 
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[[File:Lycianthes rantonnei.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Lycianthes rantonnetii]]'' and its [[Conspecificity|congener]]s were often placed in ''Solanum'']]
 
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Some plants of yet other genera also were placed in ''Solanum'' in former times:
 
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* ''[[Chamaesaracha coronopus]]'' (as ''S. coronopus'')
 
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* ''[[Lycianthes biflora]]'' (as ''S. multifidum'' <small>Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don</small>)
 
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* ''[[Lycianthes denticulata]]'' (as ''S. gouakai'' var. ''angustifolium'' and var. ''latifolium'')
 
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* ''[[Lycianthes lycioides]]'' (as ''S. lycioides'' var. ''angustifolium'')
 
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* ''[[Lycianthes mociniana]]'' (as ''S. uniflorum'' <small>Dunal in Poir.</small> and ''S. uniflorum'' <small>Sessé & Moc.</small>)
 
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* ''[[Lycianthes rantonnetii]]'' (as ''S. rantonnetii'', ''S. urbanum'' var. ''ovatifolium'' and var. ''typicum'')
 
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* Undetermined species of ''[[Lycianthes]]'' have been referred to under names such as ''[[Solanum chrysophyllum|S. chrysophyllum]]'', ''S. ciliatum'' <small>Blume ex Miq.</small>, ''S. corniculatum'' <small>Hiern</small>, ''[[Solanum lanuginosum|S. lanuginosum]]'', ''[[Solanum loxense|S. loxense]]'', ''[[Solanum mucronatum|S. mucronatum]]'', ''S. retrofractum'' var. ''acuminatum'', ''S. violaceum'' <small>Blume</small>, ''S. violifolium'' f. ''typicum'', ''S. virgatum'' notst ''β albiflorum'', ''S. uniflorum'' <small>Lag.</small> or ''S. uniflorum'' var. ''berterianum''.
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{AfricanPlants|Solanum}}
 
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*[http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57604828/meet-the-tomtato-tomatoes-and-potatoes-grown-as-one/ Meet the TomTato: Tomatoes and potatoes grown as one – CBS News] (September 26, 2013)
 
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{{commons category}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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[[Category:Solanum| ]]
 
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[[Category:Solanaceae genera]]
 
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[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
 

Latest revision as of 10:42, 28 October 2017

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