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| − | {{for|the color known in Greek as ''porphyra''|Tyrian purple}}
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| − | {{distinguish|Porphyria}}
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| | {{automatic taxobox | | {{automatic taxobox |
| | |taxon=Porphyra | | |taxon=Porphyra |
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| | | synonyms_ref = <ref name=WoRMS /> | | | synonyms_ref = <ref name=WoRMS /> |
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| − | '''''Porphyra''''' is a coldwater [[seaweed]] that grows in cold, shallow [[seawater]]. More specifically, it belongs to [[red algae]] phylum of [[Laver (seaweed)|laver]] species, comprising approximately 70 species.<ref name="Brodie 02">Brodie, J.A. and Irvine, L.M. 2003. ''Seaweeds of the British Isles.'' Volume 1 Part 3b. The Natural History Museum, London.{{ISBN|1 898298 87 4}}</ref> It grows in the [[intertidal zone]], typically between the upper intertidal zone and the splash zone in cold waters of temperate oceans. In East Asia, it is used to produce the [[seaweed|sea vegetable]] products ''[[nori]]'' (in Japan) and ''[[Gim (food)|gim]]'' (in Korea). There are considered to be 60 to 70 species of ''Porphyra'' worldwide<ref name="Kain 91">Kain, J.M. 1991. Cultivation of attached seaweeds. in Guiry, M.D. and Blunden, G. 1992. ''Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential.'' John Wiley and Sons, Chichester {{ISBN|0-471-92947-6}}</ref> and seven in the British Isles.<ref name="Hardy and Guiry 06">Hardy, F.G. and Guiry, M.D. 2006. ''A Check-list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland.'' British Phycological Society, London. {{ISBN|3-906166-35-X}}</ref>
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| − | ==Life cycle==
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| − | ''Porphyra'' displays a heteromorphic [[alternation of generations]].<ref>[http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/reds/lisa/lhist.htm Porphyra life cycle]</ref> The [[thallus]] we see is the [[Ploidy|haploid]] generation; it can reproduce asexually by forming [[spore]]s which grow to replicate the original thallus. It can also reproduce sexually. Both male and female [[gamete]]s are formed on the one thallus. The female gametes while still on the thallus are fertilized by the released male gametes, which are non-motile. The fertilized, now [[Ploidy|diploid]], carposporangia after [[mitosis]] produce spores ([[carpospore]]s) which settle, then bore into shells, germinate and form a filamentous stage. This stage was originally thought to be a different species of alga, and was referred to as ''Conchocelis rosea''. That ''Conchocelis'' was the [[Ploidy|diploid]] stage of ''Porphyra'' was discovered by the British [[phycology|phycologist]] [[Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker]] in 1949 for the [[Europe]]an species ''[[Laver (seaweed)|Porphyra umbilicalis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Drew |first1= Kathleen M. |year=1949 |title= Conchocelis-phase in the life-history of Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kütz|journal=Nature |volume= 164|issue= 4174|pages= 748–749|url= http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v164/n4174/abs/164748a0.html|doi= 10.1038/164748a0|bibcode= 1949Natur.164..748D }}</ref> It was later shown for species from other regions as well.<ref name="Brodie 02"/><ref name="Thomas 02">Thomas, D. 2002. ''Seaweeds.'' The Natural History Museum, London. {{ISBN|0-565-09175-1}}</ref>
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| − | ==Food==
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| − | Most human cultures with access to ''Porphyra'' use it as a food or somehow in the diet, making it perhaps the most domesticated of the marine algae,<ref name="Mumford 88">Mumford, T.F. and Miura, A. 4.''Porphyra'' as food: cultivation and economics. in Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. 1988. ''Algae and Human Affairs.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. {{ISBN|0-521-32115-8}}</ref> known as [[Laver (seaweed)|laver]], ''[[nori]]'' ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]), ''amanori'' (Japanese),<ref name=Abbott>{{cite book|last=Abbott|first=Isabella A|authorlink=Isabella Abbott|type=Food and food products from seaweeds|editor1-last=Lembi|editor1-first=Carole A.|editor2-last=Waaland|editor2-first=J. Robert|title=Algae and human affairs|year=1989|pages=141|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]], [[Phycological Society of America]]|isbn= 978-0-521-32115-0}}</ref> ''zakai'', ''[[gim (food)|gim]]'' ([[Korean language|Korean]]),<ref name=Abbott /> ''zicai'' ([[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]),<ref name=Abbott /> [[Pyropia columbina|karengo]], ''sloke'' or ''slukos''.<ref name="Kain 91"/> The marine red alga ''Porphyra'' has been cultivated extensively in many [[Asia]]n countries as an [[edible seaweed]] used to wrap the rice and fish that compose the Japanese food [[sushi]], and the Korean food ''[[gimbap]]''. In Japan, the annual production of ''Porphyra'' species is valued at 100 billion [[Japanese yen|yen]] (US$1 billion).<ref name="Aoki 06">Aoki, Y. and Kamei, Y. 2006 Preparation of recombinant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from the marine bacterium, ''Pseudomonas'' sp. ND137 for the production of protoplasts of ''Porphyra yezoensis'' ''Eur. J. Phycol.'' '''41''': 321-328.</ref>
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| − | ==Species==
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| − | {{columns-list|colwidth=35em|
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| − | *''[[Porphyra akasakae]]'' <small>[[A.Miura]] 1977</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra angusta]]'' <small>[[Kintarô Okamura|Okamura]] & [[Saburo Ueda|Ueda]] 1932</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra argentinensis]]'' <small>[[M.L.Piriz]] 1981</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra atropurpurea]]'' <small>([[Giuseppe Olivi|Olivi]]) [[Giovanni Battista de Toni|De Toni]] 1897</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra augustinae]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Traugott Kützing|Kützing]] 1843</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra autumnalis]]'' <small>[[Giovanni Zanardini|Zanardini]] 1860</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra bangiaeformis]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Traugott Kützing|Kützing]] 1849</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra bulbopes]]'' <small>([[Yendo]]) [[Saburo Ueda|Ueda]] 1932</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra capensis]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Traugott Kützing|Kützing]] 1843</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra carnea]]'' <small>[[Albert Grunow|Grunow]] 1889</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra ceylanica]]'' <small>[[Jacob Georg Agardh|J.Agardh]] 1883</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra chauhanii]]'' <small>[[C.Anil Kumar]] & [[M.V.N.Panikkar]] 1995</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra corallicola]]'' <small>[[H.Kucera]] & [[G.W. Saunders]] 2012</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra cordata]]'' <small>[[Meneghini]] 1844</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra cucullata]]'' <small>[[De Notaris]] 1865</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra delicatula]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Welwitsch|Welwitsch]]</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra dentimarginata]]'' <small>[[Chu Chia-yen]] & [[Wang Su-chuan]] 1960</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra dioica]]'' <small>[[J.Brodie]] & [[L.M.Irvine]] 1997</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra drewiae]]'' <small>[[M.K.Elias]] 1966</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra fujianensis]]'' <small>[[Zhang_(surname)#List_of_persons_with_the_surname|Zhang]] & [[Wang_(surname)#Notable_people_surnamed_Wang|Wang]] 1993</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra grateloupicola]]'' <small>[[P.L.Crouan]] & [[H.M.Crouan]] 1878</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra grayana]]'' <small>[[Paul Friedrich Reinsch|Reinsch]] 1875</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra guangdongensis]]'' <small>[[C.K.Tseng]] & [[T.J.Chang]] 1978</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra hospitans]]'' <small>[[Giovanni Zanardini|Zanardini]] 1855</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra inaequicrassa]]'' <small>[[L.P.Perestenko]] 1980</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra indica]]'' <small>[[V.Krishnamurthy]] & [[M.Baluswami]] 1984</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra ionae]]'' <small>[[R.W.Ricker]] 1987</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra irregularis]]'' <small>[[E.Fukuhara]] 1968</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra kanyakumariensis]]'' <small>[[V.Krishnamurthy]] & [[M.Baluswami]] 1984</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra laciniata]]'' <small>[[Carl Adolph Agardh|C.Agardh]] 1824</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra ledermannii]]'' <small>[[Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger|Pilger]] 1911</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra linearis]]'' <small>[[Robert Kaye Greville|Greville]] 1830</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra lucasii]]'' <small>[[Levring]] 1953</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra maculosa]]'' <small>[[Elsie Conway|E.Conway]] 1976</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra malvanensis]]'' <small>[[Anilkumar]] & [[P.S.N.Rao]] 2005</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra marcosii]]'' <small>[[P.A.Cordero]] 1976</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra marginata]]'' <small>[[C.K.Tseng]] & [[T.J.Chang]] 1958</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra martensiana]]'' <small>[[Suhr]] 1840</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra microphylla]]'' <small>[[Giovanni Zanardini|Zanardini]] 1860</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra microphylla]]'' <small>[[Paul Friedrich Reinsch|Reinsch]] 1878</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra minima]]'' <small>[[P.Crouan]] & [[H.Crouan]] 1842</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra minor]]'' <small>[[Giovanni Zanardini|Zanardini]] 1847</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra monosporangia]]'' <small>[[Wang_(surname)#Notable_people_surnamed_Wang|S.Wang]] & [[Zhang_(surname)#List_of_persons_with_the_surname|J.Zhang]] 1980</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra mumfordii]]'' <small>[[S.C.Lindstrom]] & [[K.M.Cole]] 1992</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra njordii]]'' <small>[[P.M.Pedersen]] 2011</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra nobilis]]'' <small>[[Jacob Georg Agardh|J.Agardh]] 1883</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra nobilis]]'' <small>[[De Notaris]] 1846</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra ochotensis]]'' <small>[[Nagai]] 1941</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra okamurae]]'' <small>[[Saburo Ueda|Ueda]] 1932</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra okhaensis]]'' <small>[[H.V.Joshi]] [[R.M.Oza]] & [[A.Tewari]] 1992</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra oligospermatangia]]'' <small>[[C.K.Tseng]] & [[B.F.Zheng]] 1981</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra plocamiestris]]'' <small>[[R.W.Ricker]] 1987</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra pujalsiae]]'' <small>[[Coll (disambiguation)|Coll]] & [[E.C.Oliveira]] 1976</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra pulchra]]'' <small>[[George Jacob Hollenberg|Hollenberg]] 1943</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra punctata]]'' <small>[[Y.Yamada]] & [[H.Mikami]] 1956</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra purpurea]]'' <small>([[Albrecht Wilhelm Roth|Roth]]) [[Carl Adolph Agardh|C.Agardh]] 1824</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra qingdaoensis]]'' <small>[[C.K.Tseng]] & [[B.F.Zheng]] 1988</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra ramosissima]]'' <small>[[Pan_(surname)#Pan|Pan]] & [[Wang_(surname)#Notable_people_surnamed_Wang|Wang]] 1982</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra reniformis]]'' <small>[[Meneghini]] 1849</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra rizzinii]]'' <small>[[Coll (disambiguation)|Coll]] & [[E.C.Oliveira]] 1976</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra roseana]]'' <small>[[M.A.Howe]] 1928</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra schistothallus]]'' <small>[[B.F.Zheng]] & [[J.Li]]</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra segregata]]'' <small>([[William Albert Setchell|Setchell]] & [[Hus (surname)|Hus]]) [[V.Krishnamurthy]] 1972</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra tenuis]]'' <small>[[B.F.Zheng]] & [[J.Li]]</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra tenuissima]]'' <small>([[Strömfelt]]) [[William Albert Setchell|Setchell]] & [[Hus (surname)|Hus]] 1900</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra tenuissima]]'' <small>[[Carl Adolph Agardh|C.Agardh]] ex [[Georg Ritter von Frauenfeld|Frauenfeld]] 1855</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra tristanensis]]'' <small>[[Egil Baardseth|Baardseth]] 1941</small>
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| − | *''[[Laver (seaweed)|Porphyra umbilicalis]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Traugott Kützing|Kützing]] 1843</small><ref name="Morton94">Morton, O. 1994. ''Marine Algae of Northern Ireland.'' Ulster Museum, Belfast. {{ISBN|0-900761-28-8}}</ref>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra umbilicata]]'' <small>[[Franz Josef Ruprecht|Ruprecht]] 1850</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra violacea]]'' <small>[[Jacob Georg Agardh|J.Agardh]] 1899</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra vulgaris]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Traugott Kützing|Kützing]] 1843</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra woolhouseae]]'' <small>[[William Henry Harvey|Harvey]] 1863</small>
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| − | *''[[Porphyra yamadae]]'' <small>[[Yoshida]] 1997</small>
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| − | }}
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| − | Following a major reassessment of the genus in 2011, many species previously included in ''Porphyra'' have been transferred to ''[[Pyropia]]'', for example ''[[Pyropia tenera]]'', ''[[Pyropia yezoensis]]'' and the species from New Zealand ''[[Pyropia rakiura]]'' and ''[[Pyropia virididentata]]'', leaving only five species out of seventy still within ''Porphyra'' itself.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sutherland|title=A NEW LOOK AT AN ANCIENT ORDER: GENERIC REVISION OF THE BANGIALES (RHODOPHYTA)|journal=J. Phycol.|date=October 2011|volume=47|issue=5|pages=1131–1151|doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01052.x|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| − | {{reflist|2}}
| + | <references /> |
| | | | |
| − | == External links ==
| + | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} |
| − | * {{commonscat-inline|Porphyra|''Porphyra''}}
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| − | * {{wikispecies-inline|Porphyra|''Porphyra''}}
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| − | {{taxonbar}}
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| − | [[Category:Red algae genera]] | + | [[Category:Red algae]] |
| − | [[Category:Bangiophyceae]]
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| − | [[Category:Sea vegetables]]
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| − | [[Category:Seaweeds]]
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| − | [[Category:Edible algae]]
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