Difference between revisions of "Geraniaceae"

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{{automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Geraniaceae]]
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| image = Geranium February 2008-3.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''Geranium rotundifolium''
 
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| taxon = Geraniaceae
 
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| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| type_genus = ''Geranium''
 
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| type_species = ''[[Geranium sylvaticum]]''
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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| subdivision =
 
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* ''[[California (plant)|California]]'' <small>Aldasoro et al.</small>{{sfn|Aldasero et al|2002}}
 
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*''[[Erodium]]'' <small>Aiton</small>
 
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*''[[Geranium (genus)|Geranium]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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*''[[Hypseocharis]]'' <small>J. Remy</small>
 
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*''[[Monsonia]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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*''[[Pelargonium]]'' <small>Aiton</small>
 
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*''[[Sarcocaulon]]'' <small>(Candolle) Sweet</small>
 
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}}
 
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'''Geraniaceae''' is a family of [[flowering plant]]s placed in the order [[Geraniales]]. The family name is derived from the genus ''[[Geranium]]''. The family includes both the genus ''[[cranesbill|Geranium]]'' (the cranesbills, or true geraniums) and the garden plants called geraniums, which modern [[botany]] classifies as genus ''[[Pelargonium]]'', along with other related genera.
 
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The family comprises 830 [[species]] in five to seven genera. Numerically, the most important genera are ''[[Geranium]]'' (430 species), ''[[Pelargonium]]'' (280 species) and ''[[Erodium]]'' (80 species).
 
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==Description==
 
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[[Image:Geranium pratense flowerdiagram.png|thumb|left|Flower diagram of ''Geranium pratense'']]
 
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Geraniaceae are herbs or subshrubs. The ''Sarcocaulon'' are [[Succulent plant|succulent]], but other members of the family generally are not.
 
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'''Leaves''' are usually lobed or otherwise divided, sometimes [[Leaf shape|peltate]], [[phyllotaxis|opposite]] or [[phyllotaxis|alternate]] and usually have [[stipule]]s.
 
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The '''[[flower]]s''' are generally regular, or symmetrical. They are [[hermaphrodite]], [[Floral symmetry|actinomorphic]] (radially symmetrical, like in ''Geranium'') or slightly [[Floral symmetry|zygomorphic]] (with a bilateral symmetry, like in ''Pelargonium''). The [[calyx (botany)|calyx]] and the [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]] are both pentamerous (with five lobes), [[petal]]s are free while [[sepal]]s are connate or united at the base. The [[androecium]] consists in two whorls of five [[stamen]]s each, some of which can be unfertile; the [[pistil]] consists of five (less commonly three) merged [[carpel]]s. The linear [[Gynoecium|stigma]]s are free, and the ovary is superior. Flowers are usually grouped in [[Cyme (botany)|cymes]] (e.g. in ''[[Geranium]]''), [[umbel]]s (e.g. in ''[[Pelargonium]]'') or, more rarely, [[Spike (botany)|spikes]].
 
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''Geraniaceae'' are normally [[Entomophily|pollinated by insects]], but [[self-pollination]] is not uncommon.
 
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The '''[[fruit]]''' is a unique [[schizocarp]] made of five (or three) [[achenes]], in the lower part the achenes are inside the calyx, while the upper part (the stylar beak) is the [[style (botany)|style]] of the flower, looking like a kind of long beak over the achenes. When the fruit is mature the style breaks into five (or three) hygroscopically active (ready to absorb water) bristles that curl, causing the achenes to be released.
 
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==Taxonomy==
 
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Geraniaceae, with [[Francoaceae]] are the two families included in the order [[Geraniales]] under the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) classification (APG IV).{{sfn|APG IV|2016}} There has been some uncertainty in the number of genera to be included. [[Peter F. Stevens|Stevens]] gives seven genera listed here,{{sfn|Stevens|2016}} while Christenhusz and Byng{{sfn|Christenhusz|Byng|2016}} state five genera.
 
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Stevens also lists four [[synonyms]] of ''Geranium'':
 
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''Geraniopsis'' <small>Chrtek</small>
 
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''Neurophyllodes'' <small>(A. Gray) O. Degener</small>
 
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''Robertianum'' <small>Picard</small>
 
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''Robertiella''
 
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''[[Hypseocharis]]'', with between one and three species, which comes from the south-west [[Andes|Andean]] region of [[South America]], is considered the [[sister group|sister]] to the rest of the family. Some authors separate ''Hyspeocharis'' as a monogeneric family [[Hypseocharitaceae]],<ref>{{cite web|author1=Watson, L.|author2=Dallwitz, M.J.|title=Angiosperm Families - ''Hypseocharitaceae'' Weddell|work=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 4th|url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/hypseoch.htm|date=March 2011|accessdate=April 14, 2012}}</ref> while older sources placed it in the [[Oxalidaceae]]. The genus ''Rhynchotheca'' has also been separated into the [[Vivianiaceae]].
 
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The Geraniaceae have a number of genetic features unique amongst angiosperms, including highly rearranged [[plastid]] [[genomes]] differing in [[gene]] content, order and expansion of the [[inverted repeat]].<ref name=Roschenbleck>[http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/artidistributioncle/view/phytotaxa.159.2.1 Röschenbleck, J. , Albers, F., Müller, K., Weinl, S., Kudla, J. Phylogenetics, character evolution and a subgeneric revision of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae). Phytotaxa Volume 159, Issue 2, 11 February 2014, Pages 31-76]</ref>
 
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== Distribution and habitat ==
 
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Most species are found in temperate or warm temperate regions, though some are tropical. ''[[Pelargonium]]'' has its centre for diversity in the [[Cape Province|Cape]] region in [[South Africa]], where there is a striking vegetative and floral variation.
 
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== Gallery==
 
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<gallery>
 
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Image:Geranium_rotundifolium_Herbar.jpg|Herbarium specimen of ''Geranium rotundifolium'' showing mature fruits
 
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Image:Erodium botrys frs 2005-03-15.jpg|Immature fruits of ''Erodium botrys''
 
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Image:Geranium-pratense-070706-800-1.jpg|Actinomorphic flowers of ''Geranium pratense''
 
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Image:Geraniaceae.jpg|Zygomorphic flowers of a garden geranium (genus ''Pelargonium'')
 
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Image:Pelargonium_flower.jpg|Cultivated ''Pelargonium'' umbels
 
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Image:Erodium cicutarium Pflanze.jpg|''Erodium cicutarium''
 
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Image:Pelargonium zonale flowerdiagram.png|Another flower diagram (''Pelargonium zonale'', three abortive stamens)
 
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Image:Sarcocaulon_crassicaule_ES0312_IMG_1258.JPG | ''[[Sarcocaulon crassicaule]]''
 
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Geraniaceae, with flower.jpg|A bush with flowers
 
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<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: Image:Pelargonium punctatum00.jpg|<center>''Pelargonium punctatum'' [[Ellaphie Ward-Hilhorst]]</center> -->
 
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</gallery>
 
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== References ==
 
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{{reflist|30em}}
 
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== Bibliography ==
 
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{{refbegin|30em}}
 
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* {{cite journal |last = APG IV |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |year=2016 |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/abstract |accessdate=13 June 2016 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Fiz|first1=Omar|last2=Vargas|first2=Pablo|last3=Alarcón|first3=Marisa|last4=Aedo|first4=Carlos|last5=García|first5=José Luis|last6=Aldasoro|first6=Juan José|title=Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Geraniaceae in Relation to Climate Changes and Pollination Ecology|url=http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/77646/1/phylogeny_SB_2008.pdf|journal=[[Systematic Botany]]|date=1 April 2008|volume=33|issue=2|pages=326–342|doi=10.1600/036364408784571482}}
 
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* {{citation |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |date=2016|origyear= 2001 |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden|url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APWeb/|accessdate=22 June 2016|ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite journal |last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten JM|last2=Byng|first2= J. W.  |authorlink1=Maarten Christenhusz|authorlink2=James W. Byng|lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = [[Phytotaxa]] | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press |ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite journal|author1=Aldasoro, J.J. |author2=Navarro, C. |author3=P . Vargas |author4=Saez, L. |author5=Aedo, C. |year=2002|title= ''California'', a new genus of Geraniaceae endemic to the southwest of North America |journal=[[Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid]] |volume=59 |issue=2|pages=209–216|url=http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/2479/1/California.pdf|ref={{harvid|Aldasero et al|2002}}}}
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Price|first1=Robert A.|last2=Palmer|first2=Jeffrey D.|title=Phylogenetic Relationships of the Geraniaceae and Geraniales from rbcL Sequence Comparisons|journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]]|date=1993|volume=80|issue=3|pages=661–671|doi=10.2307/2399852|ref=harv}}
 
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* {{it icon}} Sandro Pignatti, Flora d'Italia, Edagricole, Bologna 1982. {{ISBN|88-506-2449-2}}
 
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* Bakker, F.T., Culham, A., Hettiarachi, P., Touloumenidou, T., Gibby, M., 2004. Phylogeny of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) based on DNA sequences from three genomes. Taxon 53, 17–28.
 
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{{refend}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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* [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=Geraniaceae&gen=&spec=&flora_search=taxon Geraniaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
 
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{{Commons category|Geraniaceae}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Rosid families]]
 
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[[Category:Geraniaceae| ]]
 

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