Difference between revisions of "Oleaceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Oleaceae]]
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| name = Oleaceae
 
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| image = Olive-tree-fruit-august-0.jpg
 
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| image_width =
 
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| image_caption = [[Olive]] (''Olea europaea'')
 
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| regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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| unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
 
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| ordo = [[Lamiales]]
 
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| familia = '''Oleaceae'''
 
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| familia_authority = [[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg|Hoffmanns.]] & [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]]
 
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Tribe (biology)|Tribes]]
 
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| subdivision =
 
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*[[Fontanesieae]]
 
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*[[Forsythieae]]
 
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*[[Jasmineae]]
 
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*[[Myxopyreae]]
 
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*[[Oleeae]]
 
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| synonyms =
 
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*Bolivariaceae <small>Griseb.</small>
 
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*Forstiereae (Forstieraceae) <small>Endl.</small>
 
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*Fraxineae (Fraxinaceae) <small>S.F. Gray</small>
 
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*Iasmineae (Iasminaceae) <small>Link</small>
 
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*Jasmineae (Jasminaceae) <small>Juss.</small>
 
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*Lilacaceae <small>Ventenat</small>
 
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*Nyctantheae (Nyctanthaceae) <small>J.G. Agardh</small>
 
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*Syringaceae <small>Horan.</small>
 
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}}
 
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The '''Oleaceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Lamiales]].<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x}}</ref> It presently comprises 26 [[genera]], one of which is recently [[extinct]].<ref name="green2004">Peter S. Green. 2004. "Oleaceae". pages 296-306. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-40593-1}}</ref> The 25 extant [[genus|genera]] include ''Cartrema'', which was resurrected in 2012.<ref name=nesom2012>{{cite journal | last1 = Nesom | first1 = Guy L. | year = 2012 | title = Synopsis of American ''Cartrema'' | url = http://www.phytoneuron.net/96PhytoN-Cartrema.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Phytoneuron | volume = 96 | issue = | pages = 1–11 }}</ref> The number of species in the Oleaceae  is variously estimated in a wide range around 700. The Oleaceae consist of [[shrub]]s, [[tree]]s, and a few [[liana]]s. The flowers are often numerous and highly odoriferous.<ref name=fpfw>Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. {{ISBN|978-1-55407-206-4}}.</ref> The family has a sub[[cosmopolitan distribution]], ranging from the [[subarctic]] to the southernmost parts of Africa, Australia, and South America. Notable members of the Oleaceae include [[olive]], [[Fraxinus|ash]], [[jasmine]], and several popular [[ornamental plant]]s including [[privet]], [[forsythia]], [[Chionanthus|fringetrees]], and [[Syringa vulgaris|lilac]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>
 
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==Genera==
 
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The following list contains all 25 genera recognized in the most recent (2004) revision of the family.<ref name="green2004"/> It also includes ''Cartrema'', which was resurrected <!-- in a [[scientific paper]] --> in 2012.<ref name=nesom2012/> ''Linociera'' is not included, even though some authors continue to recognize it. ''Linociera'' is not easy to distinguish from ''Chionanthus'', mostly because the latter is [[polyphyletic]] and not clearly defined.
 
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*Tribe [[Myxopyreae]]
 
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** ''[[Myxopyrum]]'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]</small>
 
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** ''[[Dimetra (plant)|Dimetra]]'' <small>[[Arthur Francis George Kerr|Kerr]]</small>
 
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** ''[[Nyctanthes]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small>
 
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*Tribe [[Forsythieae]]
 
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** ''[[Abeliophyllum]]'' <small>[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]</small> – white forsythia
 
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** ''[[Forsythia]]'' <small>[[Martin Vahl|Vahl]]</small> – forsythia
 
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*Tribe Fontanesieae
 
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** ''[[Fontanesia]]'' <small>[[Jacques Labillardière|Labillardière]]</small>
 
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*Tribe [[Jasmineae]]
 
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** ''[[Menodora]]'' <small>[[Alexander von Humboldt|Humboldt]] & [[Aimé Bonpland|Bonpland]]</small>
 
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** ''[[Jasminum]]'' <small>L.</small> – jasmine
 
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*Tribe [[Oleeae]]
 
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**Subtribe [[Ligustrinae]]
 
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*** ''[[Syringa]]'' <small>L.</small> – lilac
 
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*** ''[[Ligustrum]]'' <small>L.</small> – privet
 
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**Subtribe [[Schreberinae]]
 
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*** ''[[Comoranthus]]'' <small>[[Emil Friedrich Knoblauch|Knoblauch]]</small>
 
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*** ''[[Schrebera]]'' <small>[[William Roxburgh|Roxburgh]]</small>
 
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**Subtribe Fraxininae
 
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*** ''[[Fraxinus]]'' <small>L.</small> – ash
 
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**Subtribe [[Oleinae]]
 
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*** ''[[Cartrema]]'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]]</small>
 
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*** ''[[Chionanthus]]'' <small>L.</small> – fringe tree
 
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*** ''[[Forestiera]]'' <small>[[Jean Louis Marie Poiret|Poiret]]</small> – swamp privet
 
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*** ''[[Haenianthus]]'' <small>[[August Grisebach|Grisebach]]</small>
 
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*** ''[[Hesperelaea]]'' {{extinct}} <small>[[Asa Gray]]</small>
 
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*** ''[[Nestegis]]'' <small>Rafinesque</small>
 
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*** ''[[Noronhia]]'' <small>Stadman ex [[Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars|Thouars]]</small>
 
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*** ''[[Notelaea]]'' <small>[[Étienne Pierre Ventenat|Ventenat]]</small>
 
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*** ''[[Olea]]'' <small>L.</small> – olive
 
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*** ''[[Osmanthus]]'' <small>[[João de Loureiro|Loureiro]]</small> – osmanthus
 
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*** ''[[Phillyrea]]'' <small>L.</small> – mock-privet
 
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*** ''[[Picconia]]'' <small>[[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|A.P. de Candolle]]</small>
 
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*** ''[[Priogymnanthus]]'' <small>[[Peter S. Green|P.S. Green]]</small>
 
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== Overview ==
 
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The [[Type (biology)|type]] genus for Oleaceae is ''Olea'', the olives. Recent [[Biological classification|classifications]] recognize no [[subfamilies]], but the family is divided into five [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]].<ref name="green2004"/> The distinctiveness of each tribe has been strongly supported in [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies, but the relationships among the tribes were not clarified until 2014.<ref name=refrod2014>{{cite journal | last1 = Refulio-Rodriguez | first1 = Nancy F. | last2 = Olmstead | first2 = Richard G. | year = 2014 | title = Phylogeny of Lamiidae | url = | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 101 | issue = 2| pages = 287–299 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.1300394 }}</ref> The [[phylogenetic tree]] for Oleaceae is a 5-[[taxonomic grade|grade]] that can be represented as {Myxopyreae [Forsythieae (Fontanesieae <Jasmineae + Oleeae>)]}.
 
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The major [[center of diversity|centers of diversity]] for Oleaceae are in Southeast Asia and Australia.<ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&q=Oleaceae+#v=snippet&q=Oleaceae&f=false Flowering Plants]'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}} (print) {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9609-9}} (eBook). {{doi|10.1007/978-1-4020-9609-9}}</ref> There are also a significant number of species in Africa, China,<ref name="chang1996">Mei-chen Chang, Lien-ching Chiu, Zhi Wei, and Peter S. Green. 1996. "[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=10625 Oleaceae]" pages 272-319. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, and Hong Deyuan (editors). 1994 onward. ''Flora of China'' vol. 15: Myrsinaceae &ndash; Loganiaceae. Science Press: Beijing, China; and Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, MO, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-915279-37-1}}(vol. 15) {{ISBN|978-0-915279-34-0}} (set).</ref> and North America. In the [[tropics]] the family is represented in a variety of [[habitat]]s, from low-lying [[dry forest]] to [[montane]] [[cloud forest]]. In Oleaceae, the [[seed dispersal]] is almost entirely by [[Anemochory|wind]] or [[Zoochory|animals]]. In the case that the fruit is a berry, the species is mostly dispersed by [[bird]]s. The wind-dispersed fruits are [[samara (fruit)|samaras]].
 
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Some of the older works have recognized as many as 29 genera in Oleaceae.<ref name=flora2010>[http://es.scribd.com/doc/47516426/9/OLEACEAE Flora ornamental española, VI (Araliaceae – Boraginaceae)], 2010.</ref> Today, most authors recognize 25 or 26, but this number will change because some of these genera have recently been shown to be polyphyletic.
 
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Estimates of the number of species in Oleaceae have ranged from 600 to 900. Most of the species number discrepancy is due to the genus ''Jasminum'' in which as few as 200<ref name=green2009>Peter S. Green and Diana Miller. 2009. ''The Genus ''Jasminum'' in Cultivation''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. {{ISBN|978-1-84246-011-5}}.</ref> or as many as 450<ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC&q=Jasminum+#v=snippet&q=Jasminum&f=false Mabberley's Plant-Book]'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. {{ISBN|978-0-521-82071-4}}.</ref> species have been accepted.
 
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In spite of the sparsity of the [[fossil record]], and the inaccuracy of [[molecular clock|molecular-clock]] dating, it is clear that Oleaceae is an ancient family that became widely distributed early in its history. Some of the genera are believed to be [[Relict (biology)|relictual]] populations that remained unchanged over long periods because of isolation imposed by geographical barriers like the low-elevation areas that separate mountain peaks.
 
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== Description ==
 
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Members of the family Oleaceae are [[woody plant]]s, mostly [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s; a few are [[liana]]s. Some of the shrubs are [[Wiktionary:scandent|scandent]], climbing by scrambling into other vegetation.
 
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[[Leaf|Leaves]] without [[stipule]]s; [[simple leaf|simple]] or [[pinnate]]ly or [[Glossary of botanical terms#ternate|ternately]] [[compound leaf|compound]]. The family is characterized by opposite leaves. Alternate or whorled arrangements are rarely observed, with some ''[[Jasminum]]'' species presenting a spiral configuration.<ref name=green2009/> The [[Leaf#Large-scale|lamina]]s are pinnately veined and can be serrate, dentate or entire at the margin. [[Domatia]] are observed in certain taxa. The leaves may be either deciduous or evergreen, with evergreen species predominating in warm [[Temperate climate|temperate]] and [[tropical]] regions, and deciduous species predominating in colder regions.
 
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The [[flower]]s are most often bisexual and actinomorphic, occurring in [[raceme]]s or [[panicle]]s, and often fragrant. The [[Calyx (botany)|calyx]] and [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]], when present, are gamosepalous and gamopetalous, respectively, their lobes connate, at least at the base. The [[androecium]] has 2 [[stamen]]s. These are inserted on the corolla tube and alternate with the corolla lobes. The [[Stigma (botany)|stigmas]] are two-lobed. The [[gynoecium]] consists of a compound [[pistil]] with two [[carpel]]s. The [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] is [[superior ovary|superior]] with two [[locule]]s. The [[placentation]] is axile. [[Ovule]]s usually 2 per locule; sometimes 4, rarely many. Nectary disk, when present, encircling the base of the ovary. The plants are most often [[hermaphrodite]] but sometimes polygamomonoecious.
 
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The fruit can be a [[berry (botany)|berry]], [[drupe]], [[capsule (botany)|capsule]] or [[samara (fruit)|samaras]].
 
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The obvious feature that distinguishes Oleaceae and its sister family, [[Carlemanniaceae]], from all others, is the fact that while the flowers are actinomorphic, the number of stamens is reduced to two.
 
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Many members of the family are economically significant. The [[olive]] (''Olea europaea'') is important for [[Olive (fruit)|its fruit]] and for the [[olive oil]] extracted from it. The [[ash tree|ashes]] (''Fraxinus'') are valued for their tough wood. [[Forsythia]]s, [[lilac]]s, [[jasmine]]s, [[osmanthus]]es, [[privet]]s, and [[fringe tree]]s are valued as [[ornamental plant]]s in gardens and [[landscaping]]. At least two species of jasmine are the source of an [[essential oil]]. Their flowers are often added to [[tea]].
 
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== History ==
 
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[[Carl Linnaeus]] named eight of the genera of Oleaceae in 1753 in his [[Species Plantarum]].<ref>Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné). 1753. ''Species Plantarum'', 1st edition, vol. 1, [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84235#page/22/mode/1up pages 6-9]. Holmiae: Impensis Laurentii Salvii (Lars Salvius). (A facsimile with an introduction by William T. Stearn was published by the Ray Society in 1957).</ref> He did not designate what we now know as plant families, but placed his genera in artificial groups for purposes of identification. After the work of Linnaeus, names for groups that included the genera of Oleaceae were used, but none of them was a [[valid publication]] of the family name Oleaceae. For example, [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]], in his ''[[Genera Plantarum (Jussieu)|Genera Plantarum]]'' in 1789, placed them in an order which he called "Jasmineae".<ref>Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 1789. "[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125#page/199/mode/1up ORDO IV Jasmineae]" pages 104-106. In: ''Genera plantarum :secundum ordines naturales disposita, ...''.</ref> In 1809, in a flora of Portugal, [[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg]] and [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Johann H.F. Link]] described at the taxonomic rank of family a group which they called "Oleinae".<ref>[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=30001336-2 Oleaceae] in International Plant Names Index.</ref><ref>Johann Centurius von Hoffmannsegg and Johann H.F. Link. 1809. ''Flore Portugaise ou description de toutes des plantes ... 1:62.</ref> Their description is now regarded as the establishment of what we now know as Oleaceae.<ref name="reveal2008on">James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "[http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/famOA-OZ.html A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants]." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome.</ref>
 
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The last revision of Oleaceae was published in 2004 in a series entitled ''[[Kubitzki system|The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants]]''. Since that time, molecular phylogenetic work has shown that the next revision of Oleaceae must include substantial changes to the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of genera.
 
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== Classification ==
 
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Oleaceae is most closely related to the small Indo-Malesian family [[Carlemanniaceae]]. These two families form the second most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[clade]] in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Lamiales]], after [[Plocospermataceae]].<ref>Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Oleaceae Oleaceae]" At: [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]. At: Botanical Databases At: [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] Website.</ref> The families Plocospermataceae, Carlemanniaceae, Oleaceae, and [[Tetrachondraceae]] form a [[paraphyletic]] group known as the "basal Lamiales", which is in contrast to the [[monophyletic]] "core Lamiales".<ref name=refrod2014/>
 
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== Taxonomy ==
 
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Oleaceae is one of only a few major plant families for which no well-sampled molecular phylogenetic study has ever been conducted. The only [[DNA sequence]] study of the entire family sampled 76 species for two noncoding [[chloroplast]] loci, ''rps16'' and ''trnL–F''. Little was determined in this study, largely because the [[mutation rate]] in the [[chloroplast genome]] of Oleaceae is very low compared to that of most other angiosperm families.<ref name=wallander2000>{{cite journal | last1 = Wallander | first1 = Eva | last2 = Albert | first2 = Victor A. | year = 2000 | title = Phylogeny and classification of Oleaceae based on ''rps16'' and ''trnL-F'' sequence data | url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/87/12/1827.full.pdf | format = PDF | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 87 | issue = 12| pages = 1827–41 | doi=10.2307/2656836}}</ref>
 
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Also, the family is notorious for incongruence between phylogenies based on plastid and [[nuclear DNA]]. The most likely cause of this incongruence is [[reticulate evolution]] resulting from rampant [[hybridisation (biology)|hybridization]].<ref name=hongwa2013>{{cite journal | last1 = Hong-Wa | first1 = Cynthia | last2 = Besnard | first2 = Guillaume | year = 2013 | title = Intricate patterns of phylogenetic relationships in the olive family as inferred from multi-locus plastid and nuclear DNA sequence analyses: a close-up on ''Chionanthus'' and ''Noronhia'' (Oleaceae)". | url = | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 67 | issue = 2| pages = 367–378 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.003 | pmid=23415987}}</ref>
 
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The delimitation of genera in Oleaceae has always been especially problematic. Some recent studies of small groups of related genera have shown that some of the genera are not monophyletic. For example, ''Olea'' [[Section (botany)|section]] ''Tetrapilus'' is separate from the rest of ''Olea''. It is a distinct group of 23 species and had been named as a genus, ''Tetrapilus'', by [[João de Loureiro]] in 1790.<ref name=ipnitetrapilus>[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_family=&find_genus=Tetrapilus ''Tetrapilus''] in International Plant Names Index.</ref>
 
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The genus ''Ligustrum'' has long been suspected of having originated from within ''Syringa'', and this was confirmed in a cladistic comparison of selected chloroplast genes.<ref name=li2012>{{cite journal | last1 = Li | first1 = Jianhua | last2 = Goldman-Huertas | first2 = Benjamin | last3 = DeYoung | first3 = Jeffrey | last4 = Alexander III | first4 = John | year = 2012 | title = Phylogenetics and Diversification of ''Syringa'' Inferred from Nuclear and Plastid DNA Sequences | url = | journal = Castanea | volume = 77 | issue = 1| pages = 82–88 | doi = 10.2179/11-016 }}</ref>
 
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''Osmanthus'' consists of at least three lineages whose closest relatives are not other lineages of ''Osmanthus''.<ref name=guo2011>{{cite journal | last1 = Guo | first1 = Shi-Quan | last2 = Xiong | first2 = Min | last3 = Ji | first3 = Chun-Feng | last4 = Zhang | first4 = Zhi-Rong | last5 = Li | first5 = De-Zhu | last6 = Zhang | first6 = Zhi-Yong | year = 2011 | title = Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of ''Osmanthus'' Lour. (Oleaceae) and related genera based on three chloroplast intergenic spacers | url = | journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume = 294 | issue = 1–2| pages = 57–64 | doi = 10.1007/s00606-011-0445-z }}</ref>
 
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''Chionanthus'' is highly polyphyletic, with its species scattered across the phylogenetic tree of the subtribe Oleinae. Its African species are closer to ''Noronhia'' than to its [[type species]], the North American ''[[Chionanthus virginicus]]''. Its Madagascan species are phylogenetically within ''Noronhia'' and will be formally transferred to it in a forthcoming paper.<ref name=hongwa2013/>
 
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The monophyly of ''Nestegis'' is in considerable doubt, but few of its closest relatives have been sampled in phylogenetic studies.
 
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== References ==
 
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{{reflist|32em}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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*{{Commons category-inline}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Oleaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Lamiales families]]
 

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