Difference between revisions of "Myristicaceae"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Myristicaceae]]
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|taxon = Myristicaceae
 
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|image =Myristica_fragrans_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-097.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''Myristica fragrans'' (Nutmeg), Koehler (1887)
 
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|authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|subdivision_ranks = genera
 
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|subdivision = see text
 
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The '''Myristicaceae''' are a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plants]] native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas<ref>{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10596 |title=Flora of China online |chapter=Myristicaceae |author=Bingtao Li and Thomas K. Wilson |volume=7 |year=2008}}</ref> and has been recognised by most taxonomists. It is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, ''[[Myristica fragrans]]'', the source of the spices [[nutmeg]] and mace. The best known genera are ''[[Myristica]]'' and ''[[Virola]]''.
 
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The family consists of about 20 genera, with about 440 species of trees and shrubs found in tropical areas across the world. Most of the species are large trees that are valued in the timber industry.
 
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[[File:Horsfieldia kingii.jpg|thumb|right|237px|Fruits of ''[[Horsfieldia kingii]]'']]
 
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[[File:Knema globularia in Thailand.jpg|thumb|right|Fruit of ''[[Knema globularia]]'']]
 
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[[File:Horsfieldia amygdalina seeds - Kunming Botanical Garden - DSC03231.JPG|thumb|right|237px|Seeds of ''[[Horsfieldia]] amygdalina'']]
 
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==Description==
 
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They are typically trees with coloured sap (typically red) and [[essential oil]]s as irritant or toxic defense mechanisms that repel or poison many [[Herbivore|herbivorous]] organisms. The wood is pink to reddish due to the coloring of the sap. When cut, the tree trunk exudes a red or yellow resin. The foliage is generally aromatic and the leaves are glossy, dark green, simple, evergreen, and leathery. The flowers are usually small and feature either only three petals or no petals at all. The flowers cluster and emit a pungent odor. The flowers are typically a greenish, whitish, or yellowish hue. The female flowers have no staminodes. The male flowers lack a gynoecium.
 
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The fruit is fleshy to non-fleshy (leathery),<ref name=Watson&Dallwitz>{{cite web|url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/myristic.htm |title=Myristicaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards) The families of flowering plants}}</ref> and contains a single seed. The fruits are typically quite large and, in almost all the species, the fruits break spontaneously when mature ([[dehiscence (botany)|dehiscent]] fruits).
 
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==Taxonomy==
 
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In the [[APG IV system]] of 2016, Myristaceae are placed in the order [[Magnoliales]] in the [[magnoliids]] clade.<ref>{{Cite journal|authors=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf|format=PDF|issn=00244074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}</ref>
 
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===List of genera===
 
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{{As of|2016|October}}, the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] accepted the following genera:<ref>{{cite web |title=Myristicaceae genera |website=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/genera/myristicaceaegen.html |accessdate=2016-10-28 }}</ref>
 
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{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
 
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*''[[Bicuiba]]'' <small>de Wilde</small>
 
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*''[[Brochoneura]]'' <small>Warburg</small>
 
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*''[[Cephalosphaera (plant)|Cephalosphaera]]'' <small>Warburg</small>
 
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*''[[Coelocaryon]]'' <small>Warburg</small>
 
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*''[[Compsoneura]]'' <small>Warburg</small>
 
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*''[[Endocomia]]'' <small>de Wilde</small>
 
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*''[[Gymnacranthera]]'' <small>Warburg</small>
 
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*''[[Haematodendron]]'' <small>Capuron</small>
 
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*''[[Horsfieldia]]'' <small>Willdenow</small>
 
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*''[[Iryanthera]]'' <small>Warburg</small>
 
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*''[[Knema]]'' <small>Loureiro</small>
 
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*''[[Mauloutchia]]'' <small>Loureiro</small>
 
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*''[[Myristica]]'' <small>Gronovius</small>
 
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*''[[Osteophloeum]]'' <small>Warburg</small>
 
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*''[[Otoba]]'' <small>(A. de Candolle) H. Karsten</small>
 
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*''[[Pycnanthus (plant)|Pycnanthus]]'' <small>Warburg</small>
 
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*''[[Scyphocephalium]]'' <small>Warburg</small>
 
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*''[[Staudtia]]'' <small>Warburg</small>
 
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*''[[Virola]]'' <small>Aublet</small>
 
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{{Div col end}}
 
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==Ecology==
 
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In South America, Myristicaceae grow in humid lowland Amazonian forests, mountain forests, tropical forests and [[cloud forest]] regions, at elevations between 100 and 2100&nbsp;m. Some of the anatomical characters presented by this family suggest that in the past they could live in xeric (dry) environments, but now their species are linked to tropical rainforests.
 
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The species present [[anthesis]] at night, and [[pollination]] is usually carried out by small beetles from the [[Anthicidae]] family that resemble ants and consume pollen (e.g., ''Myristica fragrans''  is probably pollinated by the beetle ''[[Formicomus braminus]]'').<ref>{{citation |url=https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2012/hetzer_benj/reproduction%20and%20interactions.htm |title=Nutmeg: also known as ''Myristica fragrans'' |author=Ben Hetzer |year=2007}}</ref> The strong floral scent that attracts beetles emerges from the ends of the connectives of the [[stamen]]s. However, ''Myristica'' is probably pollinated by true ants, a case of [[myrmecophily]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
 
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== Uses ==
 
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The most important products of the family by far are the [[nutmeg]] and [[mace (spice)|mace]] spices, both derived from the seed of ''Myristica fragrans''), a tree native to Malaysia. The hallucinogen (a derivative of [[tryptamine]]) inhaled by Amazon Indians from certain tribes is obtained from the bark of ''[[Virola elongata]]'' and other closely related species. The wood of some Asian and American species has local commercial use, as is the case of Gabon or cuangare bull's blood (''[[Otoba parvifolia]]'') in South America.
 
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==Toxicity==
 
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Essential oils of Myristicaceae have [[Antifungal medication|antifungal]] action and antimicrobial activity against ''[[Streptococcus mutans]]''.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} The dark-red [[resin]] of the tree bark in some genera, such as ''[[Virola]]'', contains several [[hallucinogenic drug|hallucinogenic]] [[alkaloid]]s. [[Myristicin]] poisoning can induce [[convulsions]], [[palpitations]], nausea, eventual [[dehydration]], and generalized body pain.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} It is also reputed to be a strong [[deliriant]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.erowid.org/plants/nutmeg/ | title = Nutmeg | work = Plants | publisher = Erowid | accessdate = 2012-04-22 }}</ref> and some fatal myristicin poisonings in humans have occurred.<ref>{{Cite journal
 
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| doi = 10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00369-8
 
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| last1 = Stein    | first1 = U.
 
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| last2 = Greyer    | first2 = H.
 
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| last3 = Hentschel | first3 = H.
 
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| title = Nutmeg (myristicin) poisoning--report on a fatal case and a series of cases recorded by a poison information centre
 
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| journal = Forensic Science International
 
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| volume = 118
 
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| issue = 1
 
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| pages = 87–90
 
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| year = 2001
 
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| pmid = 11343860
 
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}}</ref>
 
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==Fossil record==
 
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A fossil seed of †''Myristicacarpum chandlerae'' from the early [[Eocene]] [[London Clay]] flora of southern [[England]] is the earliest record of Myristicaceae.<ref>{{citation |title=A Seed Related to Myristicaceae in the Early Eocene of Southern England |authors=Doyle, James A.; Manchester, Steven R.; Sauquet, Hervé |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=33 |issue=4 |year=2008 |pages=636–646 |jstor=40211933 |doi=10.1600/036364408786500217}}</ref>
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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==External links==
 
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* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=900&taxon_id=10596 e-floras]
 
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{{commonscat-inline}}
 
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{{wikispecies-inline}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Myristicaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Magnoliid families]]
 

Latest revision as of 13:59, 9 October 2017

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