|
|
| Line 17: |
Line 17: |
| | |}} | | |}} |
| | | | |
| − | '''Burmanniaceae''' is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plants]], consisting of 99 species of [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] plants in eight genera.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Byng|2016}}
| + | {{inedible family}} |
| − | | |
| − | == Description ==
| |
| − | Often they are quite remarkable plants, more often red than green, without much leaf area and not growing very big in any way. The reason for this appearance is that the members of the family are all [[Myco-heterotrophy|myco-heterotrophic]] species. They are mainly distributed in the southern hemisphere and grow in shady and tropical environments. Many of the plants in the family are threatened species.
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Taxonomy ==
| |
| − | [[John Lindley]] described the family as Burmanniae, with the single genus ''Burmannia'', in 1830.{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/325/mode/1up Burmanniae p. 257]}} In 1998 the [[APG I system]]{{sfn|APG I|1998}} placed Burmanniaceae as one of five families in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Dioscoreales]], within the [[monocot]] [[clade]]. The [[APG II system]] of 2003,{{sfn|APG II|2003}} as a result of an extensive study by Caddick and colleagues (2002),{{sfn|Caddick et al|2002a}}{{sfn|Caddick et al|2002b}} using an analysis of three [[genes]], [[RuBisCO|''rbc''L]], ''atp''B and [[18S rDNA]], in addition to [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] criteria, led to a considerable rearrangement of the families within Dioscoreales. In APG II the [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the family was wider and included the plants that belonged to the family [[Thismiaceae]] in APG I. The result was an order with only three families. [[APG III system|APG III]] (2009){{sfn|APG III|2009}} left this arrangement unchanged.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Nevertheless, some ongoing research has challenged this relationship{{sfn|Merckx et al|2006}}{{sfn|Merckx et al|2009}}{{sfn|Merckx et al|2010}}{{sfn|Merckx|Smets|2014}} claiming that the older classification better reflects the evolutionary relationships between the genera. According to these researchers the constituent clades are as follows:
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Burmanniaceae''' ''sensu stricto''
| |
| − | *''[[Apteria]]''
| |
| − | *''[[Burmannia (plant)|Burmannia]]''
| |
| − | *''[[Campylosiphon]]''
| |
| − | *''[[Cymbocarpa]]''
| |
| − | *''[[Dictyostega]]''
| |
| − | *''[[Gymnosiphon]]''
| |
| − | *''[[Hexapterella]]''
| |
| − | *''[[Marthella]]''
| |
| − | *''[[Miersiella (plant)|Mierisella]]''
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''''Afrothismia''''' clade
| |
| − | *''[[Afrothismia]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | Tribe '''Thismieae'''
| |
| − | * ''[[Haplothismia]]''
| |
| − | * ''[[Oxygyne]]''
| |
| − | * ''[[Thismia]]''
| |
| − | * ''[[Tiputinia]]''
| |
| − | | |
| − | But because of conflicting evidence, the [[APG IV]] (2016) authors{{sfn|APG IV|2016}} felt it was still premature to propose a restructuring of the order since the most recent evidence upholds the APG configuration and the work of Caddick and colleagues.{{sfn|Hertweck et al|2015}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Evolution ===
| |
| − | According to molecular analyses, the myco-heterotrophic type of life that these species lead evolved six (or even more) times independently in the three clades that are part of Burmanniaceae. ''[[Afrothismia]]'' and tribe Thismieae represent two of these shifts to myco-heterotrophy from autotrophy while Burmanniaceae ''sensu stricto'' are the clade where the other four took place. The family appears in the [[Late Cretaceous]] but the further diversification and shifts to the typical habit occurred later in the same period and continued after the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary|K-T boundary]] in [[Paleogene]].{{sfn|Merckx et al|2010}}
| |
| | | | |
| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | {{Reflist|20em}} | | {{Reflist|20em}} |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Bibliography ==
| |
| − | {{refbegin|30em}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * {{citation|last1=Caddick|first1=Lizabeth R.|last2=Rudall|first2=Paula J.|last3=Wilkin|first3=Paul|last4=Hedderson|first4=Terry A. J.|last5=Chase|first5=Mark W.|authorlink2=Paula Rudall|authorlink5=Mark W Chase|title=Phylogenetics of Dioscoreales based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|date=February 2002|volume=138|issue=2|pages=123–144|doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.138002123.x|ref={{harvid|Caddick et al|2002a}}}}
| |
| − | * {{citation|last1=Caddick|first1=Lizabeth R.|last2=Wilkin|first2=Paul|last3=Rudall|first3=Paula J.|last4=Hedderson|first4=Terry A. J.|last5=Chase|first5=Mark W.|authorlink3=Paula Rudall|authorlink4=Mark W Chase|title=Yams Reclassified: A Recircumscription of Dioscoreaceae and Dioscoreales|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|date=February 2002|volume=51|issue=1|pages=103|doi=10.2307/1554967|ref={{harvid|Caddick et al|2002b}}}}
| |
| − | * {{cite journal |last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten JM|last2=Byng|first2= J. W. |authorlink1=Maarten Christenhusz|authorlink2=James W. Byng|lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|authorlink=John Lindley|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551#/summary|accessdate=2 February 2014|ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite journal|last1=Hertweck|first1=Kate L.|last2=Kinney|first2=Michael S.|last3=Stuart|first3=Stephanie A.|last4=Maurin|first4=Olivier|last5=Mathews|first5=Sarah|last6=Chase|first6=Mark W.|last7=Gandolfo|first7=Maria A.|last8=Pires|first8=J. Chris|title=Phylogenetics, divergence times and diversification from three genomic partitions in monocots|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|date=July 2015|volume=178|issue=3|pages=375–393|doi=10.1111/boj.12260|ref={{harvid|Hertweck et al|2015}}}}
| |
| − | * {{cite journal|last1=Merckx|first1=V.|last2=Schols|first2=P.|last3=Kamer|first3=H. M.-v. d.|last4=Maas|first4=P.|last5=Huysmans|first5=S.|last6=Smets|first6=E.|title=Phylogeny and evolution of Burmanniaceae (Dioscoreales) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data|journal=American Journal of Botany|date=1 November 2006|volume=93|issue=11|pages=1684–1698|doi=10.3732/ajb.93.11.1684|ref={{harvid|Merckx et al|2006}}|pmid=21642114}}
| |
| − | * {{citation|last1=Merckx|first1=Vincent S. F. T.|last2=Smets|first2=Erik F.|title=, the 101st Anniversary of a Botanical Mystery|journal=[[International Journal of Plant Sciences]]|date=February 2014|volume=175|issue=2|pages=165–175|doi=10.1086/674315}}
| |
| − | * {{cite journal|last1=Merckx|first1=Vincent|last2=Bakker|first2=Freek T.|last3=Huysmans|first3=Suzy|last4=Smets|first4=Erik|title=Bias and conflict in phylogenetic inference of myco-heterotrophic plants: a case study in Thismiaceae|journal=Cladistics|date=February 2009|volume=25|issue=1|pages=64–77|doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00241.x|ref={{harvid|Merckx et al|2009}}}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book|last1=Merckx|first1=V|last2=Huysmans|first2=S|last3=Smets|first3=EF|title=Cretaceous origins of mycoheterotrophic lineages in Dioscoreales|pages=39–53|url=http://www.binco.eu/burmannia/Vincent_Merckx/Publications_files/Monocots%202010%20Merckx.pdf|ref={{harvid|Merckx et al|2010}}}}, In {{harvtxt|Seberg et al|2010}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book|editor1-last=Seberg|editor1-first=Ole|editor2-last=Petersen|editor2-first=Gitte|editor3-last=Barfod|editor3-first=Anders|editor4-last=Davis|editor4-first=Jerrold I.|title=Diversity, phylogeny, and evolution in the Monocotyledons: proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons and the Fifth International Symposium on Grass Systematics and Evolution|url=http://en.unipress.dk/udgivelser/d/diversity,-phylogeny,-and-evolution-in-the-monocotyledons/|date=2010|publisher=[[Aarhus University Press]]|location=Århus|isbn=978 87 7934 398 6|ref={{harvid|Seberg et al|2010}}}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | === APG ===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * {{cite journal |last=APG I|authorlink=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|title=An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants |journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]] |year=1998 |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=531–553. |jstor=2992015 |ref=harv |doi=10.2307/2992015}}
| |
| − | * {{cite journal |last=APG II |title=An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |year=2003 |volume=141 |issue=4 |pages=399–436 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite journal |last = APG III |title=An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |year = 2009 |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |accessdate=3 January 2014 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x|ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite journal |last = APG IV |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |year=2016 |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/abstract |accessdate=13 June 2016 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | {{refend}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == External links ==
| |
| − | {{Commons category|Burmanniaceae}}
| |
| − | {{wikispecies}}
| |
| − | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060424062058/http://delta-intkey.com:80/angio/www/burmanni.htm Burmanniaceae], [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/thismiac.htm Thismiaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 9 March 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com:80/
| |
| − | * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1200&taxon_id=10133 ''Monocot families'' (USDA)]
| |
| − | * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10133 Burmanniaceae in the ''Flora of North America'']
| |
| − | * [http://bio.kuleuven.be/sys/burmannia ''Burmanniaceae.org, a site dedicated to the research on this family'']
| |
| − | * [http://www.staff.uni-marburg.de/~b_morpho/maas.html the specialists at work]
| |
| − | * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=48528&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
| |
| − | * [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Burmanniaceae links] and more [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Thismiaceae links] at CSDL, Texas
| |
| − |
| |
| − | {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}
| |
| − | {{taxonbar}}
| |
| − | {{Authority control}}
| |
| | | | |
| | [[Category:Dioscoreales]] | | [[Category:Dioscoreales]] |
| − | [[Category:Monocot families]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Santonian first appearances]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances]]
| |
