Difference between revisions of "Boraginaceae"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Boraginaceae]]
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|taxon = Boraginaceae
 
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|image = Changing Forget-me-not 600.jpg
 
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|image_caption = [[Myosotis discolor|Changing forget-me-not]] (''Myosotis discolor'')
 
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|authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Family (biology)|Subfamilies]]
 
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| subdivision = *[[Boraginoideae]]
 
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*[[Cordioideae]]
 
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*[[Ehretioideae]]
 
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*[[Heliotropioideae]]
 
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*[[Hydrophylloideae]]
 
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*[[Lennooideae]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?160 |title=Boraginaceae Juss., nom. cons. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=2007-04-12 |accessdate=2009-04-02}}</ref>
 
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}}
 
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'''Boraginaceae''', the [[Borago|borage]] or [[forget-me-not]] family, includes a variety of [[shrub]]s, [[tree]]s, and [[herb]]s, totaling about 2,000 species in 146 [[genus|genera]] found worldwide.
 
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<ref>[http://www.diversityoflife.org/taxpage/0/family/Boraginaceae.html Boraginaceae.] Diversityoflife.com</ref>
 
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According to the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG II]], the Boraginaceae belongs among the euasterid I group, including the orders [[Gentianales]], [[Lamiales]], and [[Solanales]], but whether it should be assigned to one of these orders or to its own ([[Boraginales]]) is still uncertain.  Under the older [[Cronquist system]] it was included in Lamiales, but it is now clear that it is no more similar to the other families in this order than they are to families in several other asterid orders. The Boraginaceae is [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] with respect to [[Hydrophyllaceae]] and the latter is included in the former in the APG II system. In some recent classifications{{which|date=November 2016}} the Boraginaceae is broken up into several families: Boraginaceae ''[[sensu|sensu stricto]]'', [[Cordiaceae]], [[Ehretiaceae]], [[Heliotropiaceae]], [[Lennoaceae]], and Hydrophyllaceae.
 
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These plants have alternately arranged leaves, or a combination of alternate and opposite leaves. The leaf blades usually have a narrow shape; many are linear or lance-shaped. They are smooth-edged or toothed, and some have [[petiole (botany)|petioles]]. Most species have bisexual flowers, but some taxa are [[dioecy|dioecious]]. Most [[pollination]] is by [[hymenoptera]]ns, such as [[bee]]s. Most species have [[inflorescence]]s that have a coiling shape, at least when new. The flower has a usually five-lobed [[sepal|calyx]]. The corolla varies in shape from rotate to bell-shaped to tubular, but it generally has five lobes. It can be green, white, yellow, orange, pink, purple, or blue. There are five [[stamen]]s and one [[gynoecium|style]] with one or two stigmas. The fruit is a [[drupe]], sometimes fleshy.<ref>Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz. 1992 onwards. [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/boragina.htm Boraginaceae Juss.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050701084640/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/boragina.htm |date=July 1, 2005 }} The Families of Flowering Plants. Version: 19 August 2013.</ref>
 
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Most members of this family have hairy leaves. The coarse character of the hairs is due to [[cystolith]]s of [[silicon dioxide]] and [[calcium carbonate]]. These hairs can induce an adverse skin reaction, including itching and rash in some individuals, particularly among people who handle the plants regularly, such as gardeners.  In some species, [[anthocyanin]]s cause the flowers to change color from red to blue with age. This is may be a signal to [[pollinator]]s that a flower is old and depleted of [[pollen]] and [[nectar]].<ref>Hess, D. 2005. ''Systematische Botanik''. {{ISBN|3-8252-2673-5}}</ref>
 
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Well-known members of the family include:
 
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* [[Alkanna tinctoria|alkanet]] (''Alkanna  tinctoria'')
 
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* [[borage]] (''Borago officinalis'')
 
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* [[comfrey]] (''Symphytum'' spp.)
 
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* [[Amsinckia|fiddleneck]] (''Amsinckia'' spp.)
 
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* [[forget-me-not]] (''Myosotis'' spp.)
 
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* [[Cordia sebestena|geigertree]] (''Cordia sebestena'')
 
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* [[Pentaglottis sempervirens|green alkanet]] (''Pentaglottis sempervirens'')
 
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* [[Heliotropium|heliotrope]] (''Heliotropium'' spp.)
 
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* [[Cynoglossum|hound's tongue]] (''Cynoglossum'' spp.)
 
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* [[Pulmonaria|lungwort]] (''Pulmonaria'' spp.)
 
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* [[Mertensia maritima|oysterplant]] (''Mertensia maritima'')
 
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* [[Echium plantagineum|purple viper's bugloss/Salvation Jane]] (''Echium plantagineum'')
 
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* [[Brunnera macrophylla|Siberian bugloss]] (''Brunnera macrophylla'')
 
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* [[Echium vulgare|viper's bugloss]] (''Echium vulgare'')
 
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== Genera ==
 
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{{Div col||12em}}
 
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*''[[Actinocarya]]''
 
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*''[[Adelocaryum]]''
 
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*''[[Afrotysonia]]''
 
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*''[[Alkanna]]''
 
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*''[[Amblynotus]]''
 
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*''[[Amphibologyne]]''
 
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*''[[Amsinckia]]''
 
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*''[[Anchusa]]''
 
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*''[[Ancistrocarya]]''
 
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*''[[Anoplocaryum]]''
 
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*''[[Antiotrema]]''
 
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*''[[Antiphytum]]''
 
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*''[[Arnebia]]''
 
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*''[[Asperugo]]''
 
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*''[[Auxemma]]''
 
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*''[[Borago]]''
 
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*''[[Bothriospermum]]''
 
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*''[[Bourreria]]''
 
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*''[[Brachybotrys]]''
 
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*''[[Brunnera]]''
 
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*''[[Lithospermum|Buglossoides]]''
 
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*''[[Caccinia]]''
 
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*''[[Carmona (plant)|Carmona]]''
 
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*''[[Cerinthe]]''
 
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*''[[Chionocharis]]''
 
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*''[[Choriantha]]''
 
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*''[[Cordia]]''
 
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*''[[Craniospermum]]''
 
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*''[[Cryptantha]]''
 
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*''[[Cynoglossopsis]]''
 
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*''[[Cynoglossum]]''
 
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*''[[Cynoglottis]]''
 
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*''[[Cysostemon]]''
 
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*''[[Dasynotus]]''
 
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*''[[Decalepidanthus]]''
 
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*''[[Echiochilon]]''
 
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*''[[Echiostachys]]''
 
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*''[[Echium]]''
 
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*''[[Ehretia]]''
 
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*''[[Elizaldia]]''
 
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*''[[Embadium]]''
 
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*''[[Emmenanthe]]''
 
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*''[[Eritrichium]]''
 
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*''[[Gastrocotyle]]''
 
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*''[[Gyrocaryum]]''
 
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*''[[Hackelia]]''
 
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*''[[Halacsya]]''
 
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*''[[Halgania]]''
 
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*''[[Harpagonella]]''
 
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*''[[Heliocarya]]''
 
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*''[[Heliotropium]]''
 
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*''[[Heterocaryum]]''
 
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*''[[Huynhia]]''
 
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*''[[Ivanjohnstonia]]''
 
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*''[[Ixorhea]]''
 
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*''[[Lacaitaea]]''
 
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*''[[Lappula]]''
 
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*''[[Lasiarrhenum]]''
 
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*''[[Lasiocaryum]]''
 
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*''[[Lepechiniella]]''
 
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*''[[Lepidocordia]]''
 
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*''[[Lindelophia]]''
 
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*''[[Lithodora]]''
 
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*''[[Lithospermum]]''
 
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*''[[Lobostemon]]''
 
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*''[[Macromeria]]''
 
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*''[[Maharanga]]''
 
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*''[[Mairetis]]''
 
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*''[[Mattiastrum]]''
 
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*''[[Mertensia]]''
 
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*''[[Metaeritrichium]]''
 
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*''[[Microcaryum]]''
 
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*''[[Microula]]''
 
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*''[[Mimophytum]]''
 
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*''[[Moltkia (plant)|Moltkia]]''
 
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*''[[Moltkiopsis]]''
 
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*''[[Moritzia]]''
 
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*''[[Myosotidium]]''
 
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*''[[Myosotis]]''
 
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*''[[Neatostema]]''
 
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*''[[Nesocaryum]]''
 
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*''[[Nogalia]]''
 
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*''[[Nomosa]]''
 
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*''[[Nonea]]''
 
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*''[[Ogastemma]]''
 
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*''[[Omphalodes]]''
 
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*''[[Omphalolappula]]''
 
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*''[[Omphalotrigonotis]]''
 
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*''[[Onosma]]''
 
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*''[[Oxyosmyles]]''
 
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*''[[Paracaryum]]''
 
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*''[[Pardoglossum]]''
 
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*''[[Patagonula]]''
 
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*''[[Pectocarya]]''
 
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*''Pentaglottis''
 
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*''[[Perittostema]]''
 
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*''[[Phacelia]]''
 
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*''[[Plagiobothrys]]''
 
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*''[[Pseudomertensia]]''
 
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*''[[Psilolaemus]]''
 
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*''[[Pteleocarpa]]''
 
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*''[[Pulmonaria]]''
 
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*''[[Rindera]]''
 
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*''[[Rochefortia]]''
 
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*''[[Rochelia]]''
 
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*''[[Rotula]]''
 
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*''[[Saccellium]]''
 
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*''[[Scapicephalus]]''
 
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*''[[Sericostoma]]''
 
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*''[[Sinojohnstonia]]''
 
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*''[[Solenanthus]]''
 
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*''[[Stenosolenium]]''
 
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*''[[Stephanocaryum]]''
 
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*''[[Suchtelenia]]''
 
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*''[[Symphytum]]''
 
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*''[[Thaumatocaryum]]''
 
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*''[[Thyrocarpus]]''
 
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*''[[Tianschaniella]]''
 
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*''[[Tiquilia]]''
 
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*''[[Tournefortia]]''
 
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*''[[Trachelanthus]]''
 
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*''[[Trachystemon]]''
 
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*''[[Trichodesma]]''
 
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*''[[Trigonocaryum]]''
 
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*''[[Trigonotis]]''
 
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*''[[Ulugbekia]]''
 
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*''[[Valentiniella]]''
 
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{{Div col end}}
 
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== References ==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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{{commons category|Boraginaceae}}
 
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{{EB1911 poster|Boraginaceae}}
 
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/boraginaceae.gif Distribution Map] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/genera/boraginaceaegen.html Genus list] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/boraginalesweb.htm#Boraginaceae Boraginaceae] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/boraginalesweb.htm#Boraginales Boraginales] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/treeapweb2map.html Trees] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html APweb] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden]
 
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* [https://books.google.com/books?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC&q=Boraginaceae#v=snippet&q=Boraginaceae&f=false Boraginaceae] {{color|green|In:}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC Mabberley's Plant-Book]
 
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* [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_family=Boraginaceae+&find_genus=&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch Boraginaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do Plant Names] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ IPNI]
 
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* [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/  Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome]
 
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* [http://www.tropicos.org/Name/42000289 Boraginaceae (Search Exact)] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx Name Search] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.tropicos.org/ Tropicos] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden]
 
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* [http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/boraginaceae_01.htm Boraginaceae.] Topwalks.net: Walking Routes in Spain.
 
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020719021808/http://www.itis.usda.gov:80/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=31633 Boraginaceae.] Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
 
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==Further reading==
 
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*Diane, N., et al. 2002. [http://www.amjbot.org/content/89/2/287.full A systematic analysis of ''Heliotropium'', ''Tournefortia'', and allied taxa of the Heliotropiaceae (Boraginales) based on ITS1 sequences and morphological data.] ''American Journal of Botany'' 89(2), 287-95.
 
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*Gottschling, M., et al. (2001). Secondary structure of the ITS1 transcript and its application in a reconstruction of the phylogeny of Boraginales. ''Plant Biology'' 3, 629-36.
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Asterid families]]
 
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[[Category:Boraginaceae| ]]
 

Latest revision as of 19:46, 8 September 2017

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