Difference between revisions of "Huerteales"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Huerteales]]
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| taxon = Huerteales
 
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| image =Starr 020925-0042 Perrottetia sandwicensis.jpg
 
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| image_width =
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Perrottetia sandwicensis]]''
 
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| authority = [[Alexander Borissovitch Doweld|Doweld]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Families
 
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| subdivision=
 
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* [[Gerrardinaceae]]
 
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* [[Petenaea]]ceae
 
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* [[Dipentodontaceae]]
 
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* [[Tapisciaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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'''Huerteales''' is the [[botanical name]] for an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s.<ref name="huerteales">Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Huerteales". In: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. In: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> It is one of the 17 orders that make up the large [[eudicot]] group known as the [[rosids]] in the [[APG III system]] of [[History of plant systematics|plant classification]].<ref name=APGIII2009/><ref name="wang2009">{{citation | author = Hengchang Wang, Michael J. Moore, [[Pamela S. Soltis]], Charles D. Bell, Samuel F. Brockington, Roolse Alexandre, Charles C. Davis, Maribeth Latvis, Steven R. Manchester, and Douglas E. Soltis  | title = Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 10 | pages = 3853–3858 | date = 10 Mar 2009 | url = http://www.pnas.org/content/106/10/3853.abstract?etoc | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0813376106 | pmid = 19223592 | pmc = 2644257 }}</ref> Within the rosids, it is one of the orders in [[Malvidae]],<ref name="cantino2007">{{citation | doi = 10.2307/25065865 | author = Philip D. Cantino, James A. Doyle, Sean W. Graham, Walter S. Judd, Richard G. Olmstead, Douglas E. Soltis, [[Pamela S. Soltis]], and Michael J. Donoghue | year = 2007 | title = Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of ''Tracheophyta'' | journal = Taxon | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 822–846 | url = http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2007/164_Cantino_Taxon07.pdf }}</ref> a group formerly known as [[eurosids II]] and now known informally as the [[malvids]]. This is true whether Malvidae is [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] [[sensu lato|broadly]] to include eight orders as in APG III, or more narrowly to include only four orders.<ref name=APGIII2009/> Huerteales consists of four small [[Family (biology)|families]], [[Petenaeaceae]], [[Gerrardinaceae]], [[Tapisciaceae]], and [[Dipentodontaceae]].<ref name="worberg2009">Andreas Worberg, Mac H. Alford, Dietmar Quandt, and Thomas Borsch. 2009. "Huerteales sister to Brassicales plus Malvales, and newly circumscribed to include ''Dipentodon, Gerrardina, Huertea, Perrottetia, and ''Tapiscia''. ''Taxon'' '''58'''(2):468-478.</ref>
 
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Petenaeaceae consists of a singe genus and species ''[[Petenaea]] cordata'' from Southern Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.<ref>Christenhusz, M. J. M., Fay, M. F., Clarkson, J. J., Gasson, P., Morales Can, J., Jiménez Barrios, J. B. & Chase, M. W. (2010). Petenaeaceae, a new angiosperm family in Huerteales with a distant relationship to ''Gerrardina'' (Gerrardinaceae). [[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] 164: 16–25.</ref>
 
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Gerrardinaceae consists of a single genus, ''[[Gerrardina]]''.<ref name="alford2006">Mac H. Alford. 2006. "Gerrardinaceae: a new family of African flowering plants unresolved among Brassicales, Huerteales, Malvales, and Sapindales." ''Taxon'' '''55'''(4):959-964.</ref> Tapisciaceae has two genera, ''[[Tapiscia]]'' and ''[[Huertea]]''.<ref name="kubitzki2003">Klaus Kubitzki. 2003. "Tapisciaceae" pages 369-370. In: Klaus Kubitski and Clemens Bayer (editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume V. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref><ref name="li2008">Dezhu Li, Jie Cai, and Wen Jun. 2008. "Tapisciaceae" page 496. In: Zhengyi Wu, Peter H. Raven, and Deyuan Hong (editors). ''Flora of China'' volume 11. Science Press: Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, Missouri, USA.</ref> Until 2006, Dipentodontaceae was treated as consisting of a single genus, ''[[Dipentodon]]''.<ref name="heywood2007">Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007).</ref> Since that time, some authors have included ''Perrottetia'' in Dipentodontaceae, even though no formal revision of the family has been published as of 2008.<ref name="ma2008">Jinshuang Ma and Bruce Bartholomew. 2008. "Dipentodontaceae" pages 494-495. In: Zhengyi Wu, Peter H. Raven, and Deyuan Hong (editors). ''Flora of China'' volume 11. Science Press: Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, Missouri, USA.</ref> Thus the order Huerteales consists of five genera. The largest genus, ''Perrottetia'', contains about 15 of the approximate total of 25 [[species]] in the order.<ref name="simmons2004">Mark P. Simmons. 2004. "Celastraceae" page 50. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VI. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref>
 
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The Huerteales are [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s found in most [[Tropics|tropical]] or warm [[Temperateness|temperate]] regions. The flowers of ''Perrottetia'' have been studied in detail,<ref name="matthews2005">Merran L. Matthews and Peter K. Endress (2005). "Comparative floral structure and systematics in Celastrales". ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''149'''(2):129-194</ref> but otherwise, all five of the genera are poorly known. The order is based on [[molecular phylogenetic]] analysis of [[DNA sequence]]s.
 
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==Description==
 
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All of the Huerteales are [[woody plant]]s. The leaves are [[Leaf#Arrangement on the stem|alternate]] with [[Leaf shape|toothed]] margins. The [[inflorescence]] is [[Inflorescence#Organization|cymose]], but sometimes nearly [[Raceme|racemose]] or [[umbel]]liform. The bases of the [[calyx (botany)|calyx]], [[corolla (flower)|corolla]] and [[stamen]]s are fused to form a [[hypanthium]] which is in some cases very short. The [[Ovary (plants)|ovary]] is [[Locule|unilocular]], at least at the top, with one or two [[ovule]]s per [[Gynoecium|carpel]]. The number of carpels is variable.
 
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Other characters are generally found in Huerteales, but with the exceptions noted below. ''Gerrardina'' differs from the rest of Huerteales in that the stamens are opposite the [[petal]]s, instead of being opposite the [[sepals]]. ''Dipentodon'' and ''Perrottetia'' are distinctive in that the calyx and corolla are not well differentiated, but resemble each other. ''Tapiscia'' and ''Huertea'' have a calyx tube and [[Leaf#Divisions of the lamina (blade)|compound]], rather than simple leaves. ''Tapiscia'' has a [[Locule|uniloculate]] ovary with a single ovule.<ref name="li2008"/> ''Huertea'' has one locule containing two ovules, or two locules, each containing one ovule.<ref name="kubitzki2003"/> ''Gerrardina'', ''Dipentodon'', and ''Perrottetia'' have two ovules in each locule. ''Tapiscia'' lacks the [[nectar]]y disk that is characteristic of the order. ''Huertea'' lacks stipules.
 
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==History==
 
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Until the first decade of the twenty-first century, the five genera of Huerteales had usually been placed into three unrelated families. ''Tapiscia'' and ''Huertea'' had long been known to be related. Most authors had placed them in [[Staphyleaceae]] and had placed that family in the order [[Sapindales]]. [[Armen Takhtajan]] established the family Tapisciaceae in 1987 and placed it in Sapindales, but this treatment was not followed by many others and it did not stand up to [[phylogenetic]] analysis. Since that time, Staphyleaceae has been [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|recircumscribed]]. It no longer includes ''Tapiscia'' and ''Huertea'' <ref name="simmons2007">Sarah L. Simmons. 2007. "Staphyleaceae" pages 440-445. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume IX. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref> and it is in the order [[Crossosomatales]].<ref name="oh2006">Sang-Hun Oh and Daniel Potter. 2006. "Description and Phylogenetic Position of a New Angiosperm Family, Guamatelaceae, Inferred from Chloroplast ''rbcL, atpB,'' and ''matK'' Sequences." ''Systematic Botany'' '''31'''(4):730-738.</ref>
 
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For most of the twentieth century, ''Gerrardina'' and ''Dipentodon'' had usually been placed in Flacourtiaceae, a family that is now recognized by only a few [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomists]], and then only as a [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] of [[Salicaceae]].<ref name="chase2002">Mark W. Chase, Sue Zmarzty, M. Dolores Lledó, Kenneth J. Wurdack, Susan M. Swensen, and Michael F. Fay. 2002. "When in doubt, put it in Flacourtiaceae: a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on plastid ''rbcL'' DNA sequences." ''Kew Bulletin'' '''57'''(1):141-181.</ref><ref name="zmarzty">Sue Zmarzty et alii. (in press). "Salicaceae" In: ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants''. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref> ''Perrottetia'', meanwhile, had usually been placed, with considerable doubt, in [[Celastraceae]].<ref name="zhang2006">Li-Bing Zhang and Mark P. Simmons (2006). "Phylogeny and Delimitation of the Celastrales Inferred from Nuclear and Plastid Genes". ''Systematic Botany'' 31(1):122-137.</ref>
 
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Ever since ''Dipentodon'' was named in 1911, there had been occasional suggestions that it might be related to ''Tapiscia'' and ''Huertea''.<ref name="worberg2009"/> In 2001, Alexander Doweld established the order Huerteales,<ref name="reveal2008on">James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> defining it to consist of ''Tapiscia'', ''Huertea'', and ''Dipentodon''.<ref name="doweld2001">Alexander B. Doweld. 2001. ''Tentamen Systematis Plantarum Vascularium (Tracheophyta).'': xxxv. 23 Dec 2001.</ref> This grouping was later supported by [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies.<ref name="worberg2009"/> In 2006, a study of [[DNA sequence]]s showed that ''Perrottetia'' was misplaced in [[Celastrales]] and that it is [[sister clade|sister]] to ''Dipentodon'' in Huerteales.<ref name="zhang2006"/> Also in 2006, it was found that ''Gerrardina'' is a malvid, but its placement within this group remained uncertain.<ref name="alford2006"/>
 
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In 2009, Andreas Worberg and co-authors produced the first phylogenetic study that included all of the genera of Huerteales. From one of their data matrices, they derived a well supported phylogeny for the order, as well as strongly supported relationships among the four orders of malvids.<ref name="worberg2009"/>
 
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==Phylogeny==
 
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The phylogeny shown below is the one found by Worberg and co-authors. [[Monotype (biology)|Monospecific]] genera are represented by species names. The names of orders are in capitals.
 
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{{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:125%
 
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|1=[[Sapindales|SAPINDALES]]
 
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|2={{clade
 
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  |label1=HUERTEALES&nbsp;
 
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  |1={{clade
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Petenaea]] cordata''
 
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          |2=''[[Gerrardina]]''
 
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          }}
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Tapiscia]] sinensis''
 
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            |2=''[[Huertea]]''
 
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            }}
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Dipentodon sinicus]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Perrottetia]]''
 
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            }}
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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      |1=[[Brassicales|BRASSICALES]]
 
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      |2=[[Malvales|MALVALES]]
 
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      }}
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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==External links==
 
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/huertealesweb.htm#Huerteales Huerteales] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] At: [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden Website]
 
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* [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/supgennames.html Family and Suprafamilial Names] At: [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/ James L. Reveal]
 
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[[Category:Huerteales| ]]
 
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[[Category:Rosid orders]]
 

Latest revision as of 14:50, 9 September 2017

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