Difference between revisions of "Monimiaceae"

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#redirect [[:Category:Monimiaceae]]
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|taxon = Monimiaceae
 
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|image = Tambourissa elliptica maleflowers 01.JPG
 
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|image_width =
 
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|image_caption = male flowers of ''[[Tambourissa]]''
 
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|authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
 
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|subdivision_ranks = genera
 
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|subdivision =
 
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*''[[Austromatthaea]]''
 
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*''[[Decarydendron]]''
 
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*''[[Ephippiandra]]'' (incl. ''Hedycaryopsis'')
 
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*''[[Hedycarya]]'' (incl. ''Carnegieodoxa'')
 
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*''[[Hemmantia]]''
 
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*''[[Hennecartia]]''
 
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*''[[Hortonia (plant)|Hortonia]]''
 
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*''[[Kairoa]]'' (incl. ''[[Faika]]'')
 
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*''[[Kibara (plant)|Kibara]]''
 
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*''[[Kibaropsis]]''
 
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*''[[Lauterbachia]]''
 
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*''[[Levieria]]''
 
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*''[[Macropeplus]]''
 
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*''[[Macrotorus]]''
 
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*''[[Matthaea]]''
 
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*''[[Mollinedia]]'' (incl. ''[[Grazielanthus]]'')
 
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*''[[Monimia (plant)|Monimia]]''
 
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*''[[Palmeria (plant)|Palmeria]]''
 
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*''[[Parakibara]]''
 
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*''[[Peumus]]''
 
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*''[[Steganthera]]'' (incl. ''Anthobembix'', ''Tetrasynandra'')
 
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*''[[Tambourissa]]'' (incl. ''Phanerogonocarpus'', ''Schrameckia'')
 
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*''[[Wilkiea]]'' (incl. ''Endressia'', nom. illeg.)
 
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*''[[Xymalos]]'' (incl. ''Paxidendron'')
 
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|}}
 
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The '''Monimiaceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[magnoliid]] [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Laurales]].<ref name="apweb">Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Monimiaceae" At: [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]. At: Botanical Databases At: [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] Website. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> It is closely [[Phylogenetic tree|related]] to the families [[Hernandiaceae]] and [[Lauraceae]].<ref name=renner2000>Susanne S. Renner and Andre S. Chanderbali. 2000. "What is the relationship among Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae and Monimiaceae, and why is this question so difficult to answer?" ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'' '''161'''(6 supplement):S109-119.</ref> It consists of shrubs, small trees, and a few [[liana]]s of the [[tropics]] and [[subtropics]], mostly in the [[southern hemisphere]].<ref name="heywood2007">Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). {{ISBN|978-1-55407-206-4}}.</ref> The largest center of [[Biodiversity|diversity]] is [[New Guinea]], with about 75 species. Lesser centres of diversity are [[Madagascar]], [[Australia]], and the [[neotropics]]. Africa has one species, as does southern [[Chile]], and several species are [[Species distribution|distributed]] thru [[Malesia]] and the southwest [[Pacific Islands|Pacific]].<ref name=renner2010>Susanne S. Renner, Joeri S. Strijk, Dominique Strasberg, and Christophe Thébaud. 2010. "Biogeography of the Monimiaceae (Laurales): a role for East Gondwana and long-distance dispersal, but not West Gondwana". ''Journal of Biogeography'' '''37'''(7):1227-1238. {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02319.x}}</ref>
 
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The Monimiaceae are [[Sampling (statistics)|underrepresented]] in [[herbaria]] and other [[Plant collecting|plant collections]].<ref name=renner2010/> [[Genetic variation|Variation]] within the family has not been understood, resulting in an unusual proportion of [[monospecific]] genera. As of 2010, these 11 genera were considered monospecific: ''Peumus, Xymalos, Kibaropsis, Austromatthaea, Hemmantia, "Endressia", Hennecartia, Macrotorus, Macropeplus, Grazielanthus,'' and ''Faika''. ''Kairoa'' was monospecific until 2009.<ref name=renner2009>Susanne S. Renner and Wayne N. Takeuchi. 2009. "A phylogeny and revised circumscription for ''Kairoa'' (Monimiaceae), with the description of a new species from Papua New Guinea". ''Harvard Papers in Botany'' '''14'''(1):71-81. {{doi|10.3100/025.014.0111}}</ref>
 
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The Monimiaceae include 24 genera with a total of about 217 known species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> The largest genera and the number of their constituent species is: ''Tambourissa''(50), ''Mollinedia''(20-90), ''Kibara''(43), ''Steganthera''(17), ''Palmeria''(14), and ''Hedycarya''(11). The [[Type (biology)|type]] genus, ''Monimia'', is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Mascarenes]].
 
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The number of species in the Monimiaceae has been variously estimated from about 200<ref name=renner2010/> to about 270.<ref name=philipson1993>William R. Philipson. 1993. "Monimiaceae". pages 426-437. In:  Klaus Kubitski (editor); Jens G. Rohwer and Volker Bittrich (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref> Most of this difference results from uncertainty over [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|species limits]] in the tropical [[Americas|American]] genus ''Mollinedia''. Estimates of the number of species in ''Mollinedia'' have ranged from 20<ref name="heywood2007"/> to 90.<ref name=philipson1993/> [[Janet Russell Perkins]] and [[Ernest Friedrich Gilg]] [[Diagnosis (taxonomy)|described]] 71 species of ''Mollinedia'' in ''[[Das Pflanzenreich]]'' in 1901,<ref name=perkins1901dp>Janet Russell Perkins and Ernest Friedrich Gilg. 1901. "Monimiaceae". pages 1-122. In: ''Das Pflanzenreich: Regni vegetabilis conspectus''. volume IV, family 101. Wilhelm Engelmann. Reprinted by H.R. Engelmann in 1959. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> but many [[taxonomic authority|authors]] today regard this as an example of overdescription.
 
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The wood of ''[[Peumus boldus]]'' and ''[[Hedycarya arborescens]]'' is used locally, in Chile and New Zealand, respectively, but is of no [[Commerce|commercial]] importance. Both of these species are [[Horticulture|grown]] in their [[Indigenous (ecology)|native]] [[Range (biology)|regions]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]].<ref name="heywood2007"/> An [[herbal tea]] is made from ''Peumus''.<ref name="heywood2007"/>
 
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The [[phytochemistry]] of a few of the genera has been studied.<ref name="leitão1999">Gilda G. Leitão, Naomi K. Simas, Simone S.V. Soares, Ana Paula P. de Brito, Boris M.G. Claros, Thelma B.M. Brito, Franco Delle Monache. 1999. "Chemistry and pharmacology of Monimiaceae: a special focus on ''Siparuna'' and ''Mollinedia''". ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'' '''65'''(2):87-102. {{doi|10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00233-5}}.</ref>
 
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[[Fossil wood]] [[Identification (biology)|attributed]] to the Monimiaceae has been found in the [[Eastern Cape Province]] of [[South Africa]] and on [[James Ross Island]], [[Antarctica]]. Both of these [[Fossil collecting|fossil sites]] are roughly 83 million years old, from the [[Campanian]] [[Stage (stratigraphy)|stage]] of the [[Cretaceous]] [[Period (geology)|period]]. Fossil leaves of the Monimiaceae are known from the [[Paleocene]] of [[King George Island (South Shetland Islands)|King George Island]] of the [[South Shetland Islands]], near the [[Antarctic peninsula]]<ref name=renner2010/> and from the [[Eocene]] of [[Patagonia]].<ref name=knight2013>Cassandra L. Knight and Peter Wilf. 2013. "Rare leaf fossils of Monimiaceae and Atherospermataceae (Laurales) from Eocene Patagonian rainforests and their biogeographic significance". ''Palaeontologia Electronica'' '''16'''(3):paper 26A. 39 pages. (See ''External links'' below).</ref>
 
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[[Speciation|Divergence]] of different [[Taxon|groups]] within Monimiaceae was long believed to be explained by the [[Seafloor spreading|separation]] of [[East Gondwana]] ([[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], Madagascar, the [[Seychelles]], Australia, Antarctica, and [[New Caledonia]]) from [[West Gondwana]] (Africa and South America), and by the later separation of Africa and South America.<ref name=lorence1985>David H. Lorence. 1985. "A monograph of the Monimiaceae (Laurales) in the Malagasy Region (Southwest Indian Ocean)". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanic Garden'' 72(1):1-165.</ref> The Monimiaceae family was long considered to be one of the best examples of [[vicariance]], but the [[Geochronology|dating]] of [[clade]]s by [[molecular clock]] methods has shown that the presence of the Monimiaceae in Africa and South America can be explained only by [[Biological dispersal|long-distance dispersal]].<ref name=renner2010/> Antarctica had coastal forests as recently as the mid-[[Miocene]], and these could have provided an intermediate phase in dispersal between Australia and South America.<ref name=taylor2008>Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, and Michael Krings. 2008. ''Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants'', 2nd edition. Academic Press (an imprint of Elsevier): Burlington, MA; New York, NY; San Diego, CA, USA,, London, UK. 1252 pages. {{ISBN|978-0-12-373972-8}}.</ref>
 
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== Genera ==
 
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The information on genera is from Renner ''et al.'' (2010)<ref name=renner2010/> or, when not available there, from Philipson (1993).<ref name=philipson1993/>
 
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<!--''[[genus name]]'' {{Au|author,date}} (synonyms) &ndash; common name &ndash; number of species, range -->
 
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* Subfamily [[Monimioideae]]
 
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*** Genus ''[[Peumus]]'' <small>[[Juan Ignacio Molina|Molina]], 1782</small> &ndash; 1 species; southern [[Chile]].
 
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*** Genus ''[[Monimia (plant)|Monimia]]'' <small>[[Louis Marie Aubert Aubert du Petit Thouars|Thouars]], 1804 </small> &ndash; 3 species; [[Mauritius]] and [[Réunion]].
 
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*** Genus ''[[Palmeria (plant)|Palmeria]]'' <small>[[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.J.H. von Mueller]], 1864</small> &ndash; 14 species; [[New Guinea]] to [[Sulawesi]] and eastern [[Australia]].
 
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* Subfamily [[Hortonioideae]]
 
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*** Genus ''[[Hortonia (plant)|Hortonia]]'' <small>[[Robert Wight|Wight]] ex [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arnott]], 1838</small> &ndash; 2 species; [[Sri Lanka]].
 
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* Subfamily [[Mollinedioideae]]
 
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** Tribe [[Hedycaryeae]]
 
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*** Genus ''[[Xymalos]]'' <small>[[Henri Ernest Baillon|Baillon]], 1887</small> &ndash; 1 species; [[Afromontane]] [[Endemism|endemic]], from 900–2700 [[Meter|m]] [[elevation]] from [[Sudan]] to [[South Africa]], and on [[Mount Cameroon]] and [[Bioko]].
 
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*** Genus ''[[Decarydendron]]'' <small>[[:es:Paul Auguste Danguy|Danguy]], 1928</small> &ndash; 3 species; [[Madagascar]].
 
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*** Genus ''[[Ephippiandra]]'' <small>[[Joseph Decaisne|Decaisne]], 1858</small> ([[Synonym (botany)|syn]]: ''Hedycaryopsis'') &ndash; 6 species; Madagascar.
 
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*** Genus ''[[Tambourissa]]'' <small>[[Pierre Sonnerat|Sonnerat]], 1782</small> (syn: ''Phanerogamocarpus'', ''Schrameckia'') &ndash; [[Estimation|approximately]] 50 species; Madagascar and the [[Mascarenes]].
 
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*** Genus ''[[Hedycarya]]'' <small>[[Johann Reinhold Forster|J]] & [[Johann Georg Adam Forster|G. Forster]], 1776</small> (syn: ''Carnegieodoxa'') &ndash; 11 species; mostly of [[New Caledonia]], also [[New Zealand]], and [[Australia]] to [[Fiji]].
 
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*** Genus ''[[Kibaropsis]]'' <small>[[Eugène Vieillard|Vieillard]] ex [[Joël Jérémie|Jérémie]], 1977</small> &ndash; 1 species; New Caledonia.
 
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*** Genus ''[[Levieria]]'' <small>[[Odoardo Beccari|Beccari]], 1877</small> &ndash; 7 species; [[Queensland]], [[New Guinea]] to [[Sulawesi]].
 
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** Tribe [[Mollinedieae]]
 
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*** Genus ''[[Austromatthaea]]'' <small>[[Lindsay Stewart Smith|L.S. Smith]], 1969</small> &ndash; 1 species; [[Queensland]].
 
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*** Genus ''[[Endressia]]'' <small>Trevor Paul Whiffin, 2007</small> &ndash; 1 species; [[Queensland]].
 
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*** Genus ''[[Hemmantia]]'' <small>Trevor Paul Whiffin, 2007</small> &ndash; 1 species; [[Queensland]].
 
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*** Genus ''[[Matthaea]]'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig von Blume|Blume]], 1856</small> &ndash; 5 species; [[Philippines]], [[Talaud Islands]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Sumatra]].
 
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*** Genus ''[[Steganthera]]'' <small>[[Janet Russell Perkins|Perkins]], 1898</small> (syn: ''Anthobembix'') &ndash; 17 species; [[Sulawesi]] to [[Solomon Islands]] and Queensland.
 
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*** Genus ''[[Tetrasynandra]]'' <small>Perkins, 1898</small> &ndash; 3 species; eastern Australia.
 
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*** Genus ''[[Hennecartia]]'' <small>[[Henri Louis Poisson|Poisson]], 1885</small> &ndash; 1 species; [[Paraguay]], southern [[Brazil]], northeast [[Argentina]].
 
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*** Genus ''[[Macropeplus]]'' <small>Perkins, 1898</small> &ndash; 1 species; Brazil.
 
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*** Genus ''[[Macrotorus]]'' <small>Perkins, 1898</small> &ndash; 1 species; Brazil.
 
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*** Genus ''[[Mollinedia]]'' <small>[[Hipólito Ruiz López|Ruiz]] & [[José Antonio Pavón|Pavon]], 1794</small> &ndash; 20 to 90 species; [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]]
 
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*** Genus ''[[Grazielanthus]]'' <small>Ariane Luna Peixoto & Maria Verônica Leite Pereira-Moura, 2008</small> &ndash; 1 species; southeast Brazil.
 
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*** Genus ''[[Wilkiea]]'' <small>[[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.J.H. von Mueller]], 1858</small> &ndash; 9 species; [[New South Wales]], Queensland, New Guinea.
 
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*** Genus ''[[Kairoa]]'' <small>[[William Raymond Philipson|Philipson]], 1980</small> &ndash; 2 species; [[Papua New Guinea]].
 
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*** Genus ''[[Faika]]'' <small>Philipson, 1985</small> &ndash; 1 species; [[Papua (province)|Papua]]
 
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*** Genus ''[[Kibara (plant)|Kibara]]'' <small>[[Stephan Endlicher|Endlicher]], 1837</small> &ndash; 43 species; mostly New Guinea, but extending from the [[Nicobar Islands]] and [[Thailand]] to the Philippines and Queensland.
 
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*** Genus ''[[Parakibara]]'' <small>Philipson, 1985</small> &ndash; 1 species; [[Halmahera]].
 
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*** Genus ''[[Lauterbachia]]'' <small>Perkins, 1900</small> &ndash; 1 species; Papua New Guinea.
 
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== History ==
 
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The family Monimiaceae was erected in 1809 by [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]].<ref name="ipnimonimiaceae">''Monimiaceae'' in [[International Plant Names Index]]. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> He called it "[the] order Monimieae",<ref name="reveal2008on">James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> but the orders of that time were equivalent to what are now called families. He [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|defined]] the family broadly, to include what are now called the [[Siparunaceae]] and [[Atherospermataceae]], as well as the modern Monimiaceae. This circumscription of the family prevailed until the 1990s, but some, such as [[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|Robert Brown]] and [[John Lindley]],  recognized the Atherospermataceae as a separate family.
 
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Jussieu used the now-obsolete genus names ''Ruizia'', ''Ambora'', ''Citrosma'', and ''Pavonia'' (''[[sensu]]'' [[Hipólito Ruiz López|Ruiz]] & [[José Antonio Pavón Jiménez|Pavón]]).<ref name=jussieu1809>page 133 In: Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 1809. "Mémoire: Sur les Monimées, nouvel ordre de plantes". ''Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle'' '''14''':116-135. (See External links below).</ref> These are now known as ''Peumus'', ''Tambourissa'', ''Siparuna'', and ''Laurelia'', respectively. Jussieu was apparently unaware that [[Antonio José Cavanilles]] had published the name ''[[Pavonia (plant)|Pavonia]]'' in 1786 for a genus in the [[Malvaceae]]. Later authors replaced the [[Botanical name|name]] ''Ruizia'' with ''Boldea'', until it was eventually determined that ''Peumus'' is the [[Correct name (botany)|correct name]] for this genus.
 
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In 1855, [[Louis-René Tulasne]] wrote two landmark papers on the Monimiaceae.<ref name=tulasne1855annales>Louis-René Tulasne. 1855. "Diagnoses nonnullas e Monimiacearum recensione tentata excerptas præmittit". ''Annales des sciences naturelles [...] Quatrième série. Botanique''. Tome III. pages 29-144. (see External links below).</ref><ref name=tulasne1855archives>Louis-René Tulasne (Ludovicus-Renatus Tulasne). 1855. "Monographia Monimiacearum, primum tentata". ''Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle'', Paris. 8:273-436. (see External links below).</ref> Using current names, the genera that he recognized were: ''Peumus, Monimia, Tambourissa, Hedycarya, Mollinedia, Kibara, Siparuna, Atherosperma, Laurelia,'' and ''Doryphora''.
 
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In 1898, [[Janet Russell Perkins]] began a series of articles on the Monimiaceae, but only two were ever completed. The second of these was mistitled as part III on its first page (compare to table of contents therein)<ref name=perkins1901siparuna>Janet R. Perkins. 1901. "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Monimiaceae. II. Monographie der Gattung ''Siparuna''". ''Botanische Jahrbücher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie'' '''28'''(5):660-705. (see External links below).</ref> and covers the genus ''[[Siparuna]]'', which is now grouped with ''[[Glossocalyx]]'' in the family [[Siparunaceae]].
 
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The first in this series covers the [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] Mollinedieae, but begins with an extensive discussion of the family.<ref name=perkins1901botjahrb>Janet R. Perkins. 1898. "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Monimiaceae. I. Über die Gliederung der Gattungen der Mollinedieae". ''Botanische Jahrbücher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie'' '''25'''(4):547-577. (see External links below).</ref> Perkins defined the family very broadly, to include ''[[Amborella]]'', ''[[Trimenia (plant)|Trimenia]]'', and ''Piptocalyx''. These are now regarded as [[basal angiosperms]], and ''Piptocalyx'' is a [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] of ''Trimenia''. Perkins also included the genus ''Conuleum'', but it is now usually treated in ''Siparuna'' because it is [[monospecific]] and [[sister taxon|sister]] to ''Siparuna''.<ref name=renner2005>Susanne S. Renner and Gerlinde Hausner. 2005. "Siparunaceae". ''Flora Neotropica'' Monograph 95. New York Botanical Garden Press. {{ISBN|978-0-89327-462-7}}.</ref>
 
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In this paper, Perkins named five new genera: ''Macropeplus, Macrotorus, Steganthera, Tetrasynandra,'' and ''Anthobembix''. The genus ''Anthobembix'' consisted of two species that Perkins had transferred from ''Kibara''. In 1942, these were transferred to ''Steganthera''.<ref name=kanehira1942>Ryōzō Kanehira (金平亮三) and Sumihiko Hatsushima (初島住彦). 1942. ''The Botanical Magazine'' (Tōkyō) 56:~256-~261.</ref> The genus ''Lauterbachia'' was named by Perkins in a [[Flora (publication)|flora]] published in 1901.<ref name=schumann1901>Karl Moritz Schumann and Carl A.G. Lauterbach. 1901. ''Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee'' (Flora of the German Protectorates in the South Seas):330. (see External links below).</ref>
 
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A comprehensive treatment of the Monimiaceae was published by Perkins and [[Ernest Friedrich Gilg]] in ''[[Das Pflanzenreich]]'' in 1901.<ref name=perkins1901dp/> In the part of their family that is still in the Monimiaceae, 20 genera were recognized, including ''Anthobembix''. They placed ''Conuleum'' in synonymy under ''Siparuna'' and added four genera to those listed by Perkins in 1898. The new genera were ''Xymalos, Wilkiea, Lauterbachia,'' and ''Chloropatane''.
 
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The genus ''Chloropatane'' had been described by [[Adolf Engler|H.G. Adolf Engler]] in 1899. It was based on a specimen that was eventually shown to be a species of ''[[Erythrococca]]'' ([[Euphorbiaceae]]), but it is too fragmentary to be more precisely [[Identification (biology)|identified]].
 
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The family was reviewed again by Lillian L. Money ''et al.'' in 1950.<ref name=money1950>Lillian L. Money, Irving W. Bailey, and Bangalore G.L. Swamy. 1950. "The morphology and relationships of the Monimiaceae". ''Journal of the Arnold Arboretum'' '''31'''(4):372-404. (see External links below).</ref>
 
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The most recent [[monograph]] of the Monimiaceae was written by [[William Raymond Philipson]] in 1993 in a series entitled ''[[Kubitzki system|The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants]]''.<ref name=philipson1993/> [[:es:William R. Philipson|Philipson]] divided the Monimiaceae into six [[subfamilies]]: Glossocalycoideae, Siparunoideae, Atherospermatoideae, Monimioideae, Hortonioideae, and Mollinedioideae. The latter three constitute the Monimiaceae as defined in the [[APG III system]], which was published in 2009.<ref name=apgiii>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref> In these three subfamilies, Philipson recognized a total of 25 genera. He did not accept ''Anthobembix'', but he did include the other 19 genera from the 1901 monograph by Perkins and Gilg. He also included six genera that had been published after Perkins and Gilg (1901): ''Decarydendron, Kibaropsis, Austromatthaea, Kairoa, Faika,'' and ''Parakibara''. The latter three had been named by Philipson in the 1980s.
 
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After Philipson's treatment of the Monimiaceae, the genera ''Hemmantia'' and ''"Endressia"'' were published in 2007 in ''[[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]]''.<ref name=whiffin2007>Trevor P. Whiffin. 2007. Monimiaceae, pages 451-454. In: Appendix: new taxa, combinations, and lectotypifications, pages 447-463. In: ''Flora of Australia'' vol. 2: Winteraceae to Platanaceae. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, Australia. {{ISBN|978-0-643-05968-9}}.</ref> ''Grazielanthus'' was published in 2008 in ''[[Kew Bulletin]]''.<ref name=peixoto2008>Ariane L. Peixoto and Maria V.L. Pereira-Moura. 2008. "A new genus of Monimiaceae from the Atlantic coastal forest in southeastern Brazil". ''Kew Bulletin'' '''63'''(1):137-141.</ref> The name "Endressia" (''sensu'' Whiffin) is now known to be [[Nomen illegitimum|illegitimate]] because [[Jacques Étienne Gay]] had published the name ''[[Endressia]]'' for a genus in the [[Apiaceae]] in 1832.<ref name=renner2010/><ref name="ipniendressia">''Endressia'' in [[International Plant Names Index]]. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> ''Endressia'' is [[Plant taxonomy|related]] to ''[[Angelica]]'' and ''[[Selinum]]'' in the tribe [[Selineae]].
 
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[[Molecular phylogenetic]] studies of the [[angiosperm]]s<ref name="soltis2011">Douglas E. Soltis, ''et al.'' (28 authors). 2011. "Angiosperm Phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''98'''(4):704-730. {{doi|10.3732/ajb.1000404}}</ref> and of Laurales<ref name=renner1999>Susanne S. Renner. 1999. "Circumscription and phylogeny of the Laurales: evidence from molecular and morphological data". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''86'''(9):1301-1315.</ref> had only sparsely sampled the Monimiaceae until 2010. In that year, and in 2014, [[phylogeny|phylogenies]] were produced that were based on much denser sampling.<ref name=renner2010/><ref name=massoni2014>Julien Massoni, Félix Forest, and Hervé Sauquet. 2014. "Increased sampling of both genes and taxa improves resolution of phylogenetic relationships within Magnoliidae, a large and early-diverging clade of angiosperms". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''70'''( ):84-93. {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.010}}</ref> These have shown that the next revision of the family must make substantial changes to the genera.
 
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== [[Biological classification|Classification]] ==
 
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From the time that the family Monimiaceae was established by Jussieu in 1809, until it was monographed by Philipson in 1993, it was usually circumscribed to include three distinct groups in the Laurales, which are recognized in the APG III system as the separate families [[Siparunaceae]], [[Atherospermataceae]], and Monimiaceae ''[[sensu stricto]]''. The inclusion of ''[[Amborella]]'' and ''[[Trimenia (plant)|Trimenia]]'' was always doubtful and was rejected by many. Their exclusion from the Monimiaceae was well established by the time Philipson wrote his treatise on the family.
 
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Beginning with the ground-breaking paper by Mark W. Chase and many coauthors in 1993,<ref name=chase1993>Mark W. Chase, ''et al.'' (42 authors). 1993. "Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' '''80'''(3):528-580. (see External links below).</ref> the [[cladistic]] analysis of [[DNA sequence]]s has contributed much to the knowledge of [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|angiosperm phylogeny]].<ref name="judd2008">Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach'', Third Edition. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-87893-407-2}}</ref><ref name="soltis2005">{{Cite book | author = Douglas E. Soltis, [[Pamela S. Soltis]], Peter K. Endress, and Mark W. Chase | year = 2005 | title = Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms | publisher = Sinauer | publication-place = Sunderland, MA, USA | isbn = 978-0-87893-817-9 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref> By the end of the 1990s, it was evident that the traditional circumscription of Monimiaceae was [[paraphyletic]] over the monotypic family [[Gomortegaceae]], and possibly [[polyphyletic]], as well, because the major part of it formed a clade with the Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae.<ref name=renner1999/>
 
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Among the Hernandiaceae, Monimiaceae, and Lauraceae, the question of which two are [[sister taxon|most closely related]] has been remarkably difficult to answer.<ref name=renner2000/> Different studies have yielded different results, but none with strong statistical support.<ref name="soltis2011"/><ref name=massoni2014/> This is surprising, in view of the fact that the Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae are much closer to each other [[Plant morphology|morphologically]] than either of them is to the Monimiaceae.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
 
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== [[History of plant systematics|Systematics]] ==
 
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In 1993, Philipson divided the subfamily Mollinedioideae into three tribes: Hedycaryeae, Mollinedieae, and Hennecartieae.<ref name=philipson1993/> The Hennecartieae consisted of a single species: ''Hennecartia omphalandra''. It is now known that ''Hennecartia'' is nested within the Mollinedieae and is sister to a clade consisting of the rest of the neotropical Monimiaceae.<ref name=renner2010/> The Mollinedieae family is strongly supported as monophyletic if ''Hennecartia'' is included.
 
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The monophyly of the Hedycaryeae is not supported or rejected by either of the recent molecular phylogenetic studies.<ref name=renner2010/><ref name=massoni2014/> One study resolved ''Xymalos'' as sister to the rest of the Mollinedioideae, but this result had only weak maximum likelihood [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap]] support.<ref name=renner2010/>
 
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In the next revision of the Monimiaceae, several genera will need to be recircumscribed or placed in synonymy with others. ''Tetrasynandra'' and ''Grazielanthus'' are embedded within ''Steganthera'' and ''Mollinedia'', respectively. ''Kibaropsis'' forms a clade with ''[[Hedycarya arborea]]'', the [[type species]] of ''Hedycarya''. The monophyly of ''Levieria'' is questionable, but only one species has been sampled for [[DNA]]. ''[[Levieria acuminata]]'' is nested within ''Hedycarya''. ''Wilkiea'', meanwhile, is polyphyletic and should be divided into at least three genera.<ref name=renner2010/> The type species, ''W. calyptrocalyx'' is now regarded as a synonym of ''[[Wilkiea huegeliana]]'',<ref name=whiffin2007/> and the latter is placed by some authors in synonymy with ''[[Wilkiea macrophylla]]''.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
 
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== References ==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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== Sources ==
 
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*Philipson, W. R., 1987. A classification of the Monimiaceae. ''Nordic Journal of Botany'' 7: 25-29.
 
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== External links ==
 
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/monimpalm.gif Distribution Map for Monimioideae] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/monimiaceaemap.gif Distribution Map for Mollinedioideae with fossil locations in green] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/genera/monimiaceaegen.html Genus List] {{color|green|At:}}  [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/lauralesweb.htm#Monimiaceae Monimiaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/lauralesweb.htm#Laurales Laurales] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/treeapweb2map.html Trees] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html APweb] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/alldb.shtml botanical databases] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plant-science/plant-science/about-science-conservation.aspx About Science & Conservation] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden]
 
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* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/56562#page/20/mode/1up Key (page 12)] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/56562#page/32/mode/1up ''Chloropatane'' (page 24)] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/56562#page/88/mode/1up ''Siparuna'' (page 80)] {{color|green|In}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/56562#page/9/mode/1up Monimiaceae] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/56562#page/7/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/250#/summary ''Das Pflanzenreich''] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/d#/titles D] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Biodiversity Heritage Library]
 
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* [http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/pdfs/386.pdf leaf fossils of Monimiaceae and Atherospermataceae] {{color|green|At}} [http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/pe-2013-3-table-of-contents PE 2013.3 Table of Contents] {{color|green|At}} [http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/indexes Browse Articles] {{color|green|At}} [http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/ Content] {{color|green|At}} [http://palaeo-electronica.org/ Palaentologia Electronica]
 
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* [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=D7E192AA3AE7614EBA65E7D63EE32439?find_family=Monimiaceae+&find_genus=&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch Monimiaceae] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=9D2A79A4A9A194F37EB29B5ED0432B8B?find_family=&find_genus=Endressia+&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ''Endressia''] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do Plant Names] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ IPNI]
 
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* [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/famMA-MZ.html MA&ndash;MZ] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgnames.html A checklist of suprageneric names for extant vascular plants] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/  Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome]
 
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* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23269#page/169/mode/1up page 133] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23269#page/152/mode/1up page 116] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23269#page/7/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/41507#/summary Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle from Missouri Botanical Garden] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Biodiversity Heritage Library]
 
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* [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=2255 View Book (External)] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/72838#/summary Annals of Natural Sciences, series 4, volume 3] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL]
 
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* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80975#page/302/mode/1up page 294] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80975#page/281/mode/1up page 273] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80975#page/7/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35667#/summary Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris). vol. 8] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL]
 
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* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/689#page/683/mode/1up page 660] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/689#page/535/mode/1up Table of Contents (Inhalt)] {{color|green|Of:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/689#page/534/mode/1up issue (heft) 5] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/689#page/1/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/60#/summary Bot. Jahrb. Syst. vol. 28 from Missouri Botanical Garden] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/b#/titles B] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL]
 
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* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/683#page/561/mode/1up page 547] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/683#page/566/mode/1up page 552] {{color|green|Of:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/683#page/493/mode/1up issue (heft) 4] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/683#page/1/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/60#/summary Bot. Jahrb. Syst. vol. 25 from Missouri Botanical Garden] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/b#/titles B] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL]
 
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* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14439#page/349/mode/1up page 330] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14439#page/2/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/717#/summary Die Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/d#/titles D] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL]
 
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* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/33607#page/380/mode/1up Monimiaceae (page 372)] {{color|green|In:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/33607#page/343/mode/1up issue 4 (page 335)] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/33607#page/2/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/480#/summary ''Journal of the Arnold Arboretum'', vol. 31] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/j#/titles J] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL]
 
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* [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2399846 Seed Plant Phylogeny 1993] {{color|green|At:}} [http://sites.bio.indiana.edu/~palmerlab/Publications.htm Publications] {{color|green|At:}} [http://sites.bio.indiana.edu/~palmerlab/ The Palmer Lab] {{color|green|At:}} [http://sites.bio.indiana.edu/ Department of Biology] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.iub.edu/ Indiana University Bloomington]
 
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* [http://www.tropicos.org/Name/42000012 Monimiaceae (search exact)] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx Name Search] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.tropicos.org/ Tropicos] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plant-science/plant-science/about-science-conservation.aspx About Science and Conservation] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden]
 
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* [http://data.kew.org/cgi-bin/vpfg1992/genlist.pl?MONIMIACEAE List of Genera in Monimiaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/genlist.html#D Dicotyledons] {{color|green|At:}} [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/genlist.html List Genera within a Family] {{color|green|At:}} [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/vascplnt.html Vascular Plant Families and Genera] {{color|green|At:}} [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/about.do About the Checklist] {{color|green|At:}} [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do World Checklist of Selected Plant Families] {{color|green|At:}} [http://epic.kew.org/datasources.htm#NAMES Plant Names] {{color|green|At:}} [http://epic.kew.org/datasources.htm Data Sources] {{color|green|At:}} [http://epic.kew.org/index.htm ePIC] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/scientific-research-data/resources-and-databases/databases Databases] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/scientific-research-data/resources-and-databases Resources and databases] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/research-data Scientific research and data] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science-conservation Science and conservation] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/ Kew Gardens]
 
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* [http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Monimiaceae.htm Monimiaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/index.htm Family Index] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey.htm Neotropikey] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/projects.htm Projects and Programmes] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/index.htm Tropical America Project] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/kew-in-depth/index.htm Kew in depth] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/index.htm Scientific Research and Data] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/ Kew Gardens]
 
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* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?729 List of Genera] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?729 Monimiaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/famlist.pl List of families] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en Families and Genera in GRIN] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/queries.pl?language=en Queries] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl GRIN taxonomy for plants]
 
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* [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/22063 Monimiaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3432 Laurales] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/232347 Magnoliidae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/1437183 Mesangiospermae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3398 Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/58024 Spermatophyta] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/78536 Euphyllophyta] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/58023 Tracheophyta] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3193 Embryophyta] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/131221 Streptophytina] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/35493 Streptophyta] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/33090 Viridiplantae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/2759 Eukaryota] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/ Taxonomy] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/ UniProt]
 
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/monimiac.htm Monimiaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ Leslie Watson and Michael J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), ''The families of flowering plants'']
 
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* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=22063&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Monimiaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=3432&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Laurales] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=232347&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Magnoliidae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=1437183&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Mesangiospermae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=3398&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Magnoliophyta (flowering plants] {{color|violet|&middot;&middot;&middot; In: &middot;&middot;&middot;}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&name=Eukaryota&lvl=3&srchmode=1&keep=1&unlock Eukaryota] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi Taxonomy Browser] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy Taxonomy Database] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/taxonomy/ Taxonomy] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information)]
 
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* [https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Flowering+Plants+Takhtajan&source=bl&ots=iKhzN4ysw3&sig=h44201Q58Tem8KoYWLOmStke78o&hl=en&ei=DxgHTaCONsSqlAeF5MnZDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Monimiaceae%20&f=false Monimiaceae (page 50)] {{color|green|In:}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Flowering+Plants+Takhtajan&source=bl&ots=iKhzN4ysw3&sig=h44201Q58Tem8KoYWLOmStke78o&hl=en&ei=DxgHTaCONsSqlAeF5MnZDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Flowering Plants'' (Takhtajan)]
 
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{{Commons}}
 
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[[Category:Monimiaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Magnoliid families]]
 

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