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| − | {{distinguish|Parsnip}}
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| − | {{Italic title}}
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| | {{taxobox | | {{taxobox |
| | |name = Cow parsnip | | |name = Cow parsnip |
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| − | '''''Heracleum maximum''''', '''cow parsnip''' (also known as '''Indian celery''', '''Indian rhubarb''' or '''pushki''') is the only member of the genus ''[[Heracleum (plant)|Heracleum]]'' native to [[North America]]. Its classification has caused some difficulty, with recent authoritative sources referring to it variously as ''Heracleum maximum'' or ''Heracleum lanatum'', or as either a subspecies, ''H. sphondylium'' subsp. ''montanum'', or a variety, ''H. sphondylium'' var. ''lanatum'', of the [[common hogweed]] (''H. sphondylium''). The classification given here follows [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]]. | + | '''Cow parsnip''' |
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| − | ==Distribution==
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| − | Cow parsnip is distributed throughout most of the continental [[United States]] except the [[Gulf Coast]] and a few neighboring states. It occurs from sea level to elevations of about {{convert|9000|ft|m|order=flip}}.<ref name="flora">{{citation |author=Norman F. Weeden |title=A Sierra Nevada Flora |year=1996 | publisher=Wilderness Press |ISBN= 0-89997-204-7}}</ref> It is especially prevalent in [[Alaska]], where it is often found growing amongst plants like [[devil's club]], which is nearly identical in size and very similar in appearance, and [[monkshood]], a very toxic flower. It is listed as "[[Endangered]]" in Kentucky and "Special Concern" in Tennessee. In [[Canada]], it is found in each province and territory, except [[Nunavut]].<ref name="PLANTS">{{PLANTS |symbol=HEMA80 |taxon=Heracleum maximum | accessdate = 2008-03-30 }}</ref> It may be [[weed]]y or [[Invasive species|invasive]] in portions of its range{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}. | |
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| − | [[File:Heracleum maximum 3935.JPG|thumb|left|The seeds are {{convert|8|-|12|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} long and {{convert|5|-|8|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} wide.]]
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| − | ==Characteristics==
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| − | Cow parsnip is a tall [[herb]], reaching to heights of over {{convert|2|m|ft|0}}. The genus name Heracleum (from "Hercules") refers to the very large size of all parts of these plants.<ref>{{citation |author= Elizabeth L. Horn |title=Sierra Nevada Wildflowers |year=1998 | publisher=Mountain Press |ISBN= 0-87842-388-5}}</ref> Cow Parsnip has the characteristic flower [[umbel]]s of the carrot family ([[Apiaceae]]), about {{convert|20|cm|in|0}} across; these may be flat-topped or rounded, and are always white. Sometimes the outer flowers of the umbel are much larger than the inner ones. The leaves are very large, up to {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}} across, and divided into lobes. The stems are stout and [[Succulent plant|succulent]]. The seeds are {{convert|8|-|12|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} long and {{convert|5|-|8|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} wide.<ref name="flora"/>
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| − | The stems and leaves contain [[furocoumarin]]s, chemicals responsible for the characteristic rash of erythematous vesicles (burn-like blisters) and subsequent hyperpigmentation that occurs after getting the clear sap onto one's skin. The chemical is photosensitive, with the rash occurring only after exposure to ultraviolet light. Because of this, [[phytophotodermatitis]] may occur after cutting or mowing the plants on a sunny day.
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| − | [[File:Heracleum lanatum buds.jpg|thumb|right|The leaves are very large, up to {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}} across, and divided into lobes.]]
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| − | ==Uses==
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| − | [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous North American]]s have had a variety of uses for cow parsnip. It could be an ingredient in [[poultice]]s applied to bruises or sores. The young stalks and leaf stems were used for food once the outer skin was peeled off. The dried stems were used as drinking straws for the old or infirm, or made into [[flute]]s for children.
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| − | A yellow [[dye]] can be made from the roots, and an infusion of the flowers can be rubbed on the body to repel flies and [[mosquito]]es.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Heracleum+maximum|title=BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database|website=herb.umd.umich.edu}}</ref>
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <references/>
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | {{Commons|Heracleum maximum|Cow Parsnip}}
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| − | [[File:Big pushki.jpg|thumb|Large examples, [[Homer, Alaska]]]]
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| − | *[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?329,411,412 ''Jepson Manual'' species treatment]
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| − | *{{CalPhotos|Heracleum|maximum}}
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| − | *[http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/galleries/heracleummaxi.htm Images from the Connecticut Botanical Society]
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| − | *[http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Heracleum+sphondylium+montanum ''Plants for a Future'' report on the species]
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q2896924}}
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| | [[Category:Apiaceae]] | | [[Category:Apiaceae]] |
| − | [[Category:Flora of North America]]
| + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | [[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]] | |
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| − | [[sv:Björnloka]]
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