Difference between revisions of "Commelinaceae"

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{{Taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Commelinaceae]]
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|name = Commelinaceae
 
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|image = Aneilema_aequinoctiale.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''[[Aneilema aequinoctiale]]''
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Commelinales]]
 
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|familia = '''Commelinaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel|Mirb.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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|subdivision = see [[List of Commelinaceae genera]]
 
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}}
 
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'''Commelinaceae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plants]]. In less formal contexts, the group is referred to as the '''dayflower family''' or '''spiderwort family'''. It is one of five families in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Commelinales]] and by far the largest of these with about 731 known species in 41 genera.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> Well known genera include ''[[Commelina]]'' (dayflowers) and ''[[Tradescantia]]'' (spiderworts). The family is diverse in both the [[Paleotropical Kingdom|Old World tropics]] and the [[Neotropical Kingdom|New World tropics]], with some genera present in both.<ref name=faden83>{{Citation| last =Faden| first =Robert B.| year =1983| title =Phytogeography of African Commelinaceae| volume =4| pages =553–557| journal =Bothalia}}</ref> The variation in [[morphology (biology)|morphology]], especially that of the [[flower]] and [[inflorescence]], is considered to be exceptionally high amongst the [[angiosperm]]s.<ref name=brenan66>{{Citation| last =Brenan| first =J.P.M.| year =1966| title =The classification of Commelinaceae| volume =59| pages =349–370| journal =Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society| doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1966.tb00068.x}}</ref><ref name=evans2000b>{{Citation| last =Evans| first =Timothy M.| year =2000| last2=Faden| first2=Robert B.| last3=Systma| first3=K.J.| contribution =Homoplasy in the Commelinaceae: comparison of different classes of morphological characters| pages =547–556| editor-last =Wilson| editor-first =K.L.| editor2-last=Morrison| editor2-first=D.A.|title =Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocots| place=Melbourne| publisher=CSIRO}}</ref>
 
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The family has always been recognized by most taxonomists. The [[APG III system]] of 2009 (unchanged from the [[APG system]] of 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order [[Commelinales]] in the clade [[commelinids]] in the [[monocots]]. The family counts several hundred species of herbaceous plants. Many are cultivated as ornamentals. The stems of these plants are generally well-developed, and often swollen at the nodes. Flowers are often short-lived, lasting for a day or less.
 
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The flowers of Commelinaceae are ephemeral, lack [[nectar]], and offer only pollen as a reward to their pollinators. Most species are [[hermaphroditic]], meaning each flower contains male and female organs, or andromonoecious, meaning that both bisexual and male flowers occur on the same plant. Floral [[Sexual dimorphism|dimorphism]] may be accompanied by variable [[pedicel (botany)|pedicel]] length, [[filament (botany)|filament]] length and/or curvature, or [[stamen]] number and/or position. Species tend to have specific flowering seasons, though local environmental factors tend to effect exact timing, sometimes considerably. Species tend to flower at a specific time of day as well, with these periods being well defined enough to presumably isolate different species reproductively. Furthermore, some species exhibit differential opening times for male and bisexual flowers. Commelinaceae flowers tend to deceive pollinators by appearing to offer a larger reward than is actually present. This is accomplished with various adaptations such as yellow hairs or broad anther connectives that mimic pollen, or [[staminode]]s that lack pollen but appear like fertile stamens.<ref name=floral>{{Citation
 
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  | last =Faden
 
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  | first =Robert B.
 
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  | contribution =Floral Biology of Commelinaceae
 
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  | year =2000
 
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  | title =Monocots: Systematics and Evolution
 
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  | editor-last =Wilson
 
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  | editor-first =K.L.; Morrison, D.A.
 
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  | pages =309–318
 
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  | place =Melbourne
 
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  | publisher =CSIRO}}</ref>
 
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==Description==
 
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[[Image:Commelina benghalensis W IMG 1553.jpg|thumb|left|The distinctive leaf sheath common to all Commelinaceae]]
 
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[[Image:Commelina benghalensis W IMG 1549.jpg|thumb|left|The distinctive [[wikt:involute|involute]] unfurling of the leaf in most Commelinaceae can be seen in the background; also note the clawed petals, polymorphic stamens, and dimorphic petals in this species]]
 
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Plants in the Commelinaceae are usually [[Perennial plant|perennials]], but a smaller number of species are [[Annual plant|annuals]]. They are always [[terrestrial plant|terrestrial]] except for plants in the genus ''[[Cochliostema]]'', which are [[epiphyte]]s. Plants typically have an erect or scrambling but ascending habit, often spreading by rooting at the [[Node (botany)|node]]s or by [[stolon]]s. Some have [[rhizome]]s, and the genera ''[[Streptolirion]]'', ''[[Aetheolirion]]'', and some species of ''[[Spatholirion]]'' are climbers. The roots are either fibrous or form [[tuber]]s.<ref name=kubitzki>{{Citation| last =Faden| first =Robert B.| year =1998| title =The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants|url=http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/71530/1/261LabiadasKubitzki.pdf|editor-last =Kubitzki| editor-first =Klaus| volume =4| pages =109–128| place =Berlin| publisher =Springer| isbn=3-540-64061-4}}</ref>
 
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Leaves form sheaths at their bases that surround the stem, much like the leaves of [[grasses]], except that the sheaths are closed and do not have a [[ligule]]. The leaves alternate up the stem and may be two-ranked or spirally arranged. The leaf blades are simple and entire (that is, they lack any teeth or lobes), they sometimes narrow at the base, and they are often [[succulent]]. The way in which the leaves typically unfurl from bud is a distinctive feature of the family: it is termed [[wikt:involute|involute]], and means that the margins at the leaf base are rolled in when they first emerge. However, some groups are [[wikt:supervolute|supervolute]] or [[wikt:convolute|convolute]].<ref name=kubitzki/>
 
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The [[inflorescence]]s occur either as a terminal shoot at the top of the plant, or as terminal and axillary shoots arising from lower [[Node (botany)|node]]s, or rarely as only axillary shoots that pierce through the leaf sheath such as in ''[[Coleotrype]]'' and ''[[Amischotolype]]''. The inflorescence is classed as a [[wikt:thyrse|thyrse]], and each subunit is made up of [[wikt:cincinnus|cincinni]]; this basically means that flowers are grouped in scorpion's tail-like clusters along a central axis, although this basic ground plan can become highly modified or reduced. Inflorescences or their subunit are sometimes enclosed in a leaf-like [[bract]] often called a [[spathe]].<ref name=kubitzki/>
 
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Flowers can have either one or many planes of symmetry; that is either [[zygomorphic]] or [[actinomorphic]]. They remain open for only a few hours after opening, after which they [[wikt:deliquesce|deliquesce]]. The flowers are usually all [[bisexual]] ([[hermaphrodite]]), but some species have both male and bisexual flowers ([[andromonoecious]]), the single species ''[[Callisia repens]]'' has bisexual and female flowers ([[gynomonoecious]]), and some have bisexual, male, and female flowers ([[polygamomonoecious]]). [[Nectary|nectaries]] are not found in any species within the family. There are always three [[sepal]]s, although they may be equal or unequal, unfused or basally fused, petal-like or green. Likewise there are always three petals, but these may be equal or in two forms, free or basally fused, white or coloured. The petals are sometimes clawed, meaning they narrow to stalk at the base where they attach to the rest of the flower. There are almost always six stamens in two whorls, but these occur in a myriad of arrangements and forms. They may be all fertile and equal or unequal, but in many genera two to four are [[staminodes]] (i.e. infertile, non-pollen producing stamens). Staminodes can alternate with the fertile stamens or they can all occur in the upper or lower hemisphere of the flower. The stalks of the stamens are bearded in many genera, although in some of these only some are bearded while others are hairless. Sometimes one to three stamens are absent altogether. Pollen is usually released from slits that open on the sides of the [[anther]]s from top to bottom, but some species have pores that open at the tips.<ref name=kubitzki/>
 
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==Phylogeny==
 
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The Commelinaceae are a well supported monophyletic group according to the analysis of Burns. ''et al.'' (2011).<ref>Jean H. Burns, Robert B. Faden, and Scott J. Steppan. 2011. [http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1600/036364411X569471 Phylogenetic Studies in the Commelinaceae Subfamily Commelinoideae Inferred from Nuclear Ribosomal and Chloroplast DNA Sequences.] ''Systematic Botany'', 36(2):268-276. 2011. {{DOI|10.1600/036364411X569471}}</ref> The following is a [[phylogeny]], or evolutionary tree, of most of the genera in Commelinaceae based on [[DNA sequences]] from the [[plastid]] gene rbcL<ref name=phylogeny>{{Citation
 
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  | last =Evans
 
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  | first =Timothy M.; Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Faden, Robert B.; Givnish, Thomas J.
 
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  | title =Phylogenetic Relationships in the Commelinaceae: II. A Cladistic Analysis of rbcL Sequences and Morphology
 
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  | url  =http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0363-6445-28.2.270
 
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  | volume =28
 
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  | number=2
 
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  | pages =270–292
 
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  | journal =Systematic Botany
 
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  | year = 2003
 
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  | doi=10.1043/0363-6445-28.2.270}}</ref>
 
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{{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
 
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|label1=Family Commelinaceae
 
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|1={{clade
 
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      |label1=Subfamily Cartonematoideae
 
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      |1=''[[Cartonema]]''
 
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      |label2= Subfamily Commelinoideae
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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                  |label1=Tribe Tradescantieae
 
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                  |1={{clade
 
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                        |1=''[[Tinantia]]''
 
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                        |2={{clade
 
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                              |1=''[[Weldenia]]''
 
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                              |2=''[[Thyrsanthemum]]''
 
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                              }}
 
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                        |3={{clade
 
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                              |1=''[[Elasis]]''
 
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                              |2=''[[Tradescantia]]'' + ''[[Gibasis]]''
 
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                              |3=''[[Callisia]]'' + ''[[Tripogandra]]''
 
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                              }}
 
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                        |4={{clade
 
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                              |1={{clade
 
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                                      |1=''[[Amischotolype]]''
 
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                                      |2=''[[Coleotrype]]''
 
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                                      }}
 
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                              |2={{clade
 
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                                      |1=''[[Cyanotis]]''
 
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                                      |2=''[[Belosynapsis]]''
 
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                                      }}
 
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                                }}
 
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                        |5={{clade
 
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                                |1=''[[Dichorisandra]]''
 
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                                |2=''[[Siderasis]]''
 
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                              }}
 
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                        |6=''[[Cochliostema]]''
 
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                        |7=''[[Plowmanianthus]]''
 
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                        |8=''[[Geogenanthus]]''
 
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                        |9=''[[Palisota]]''
 
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                        |10=''[[Spatholirion]]''
 
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                    }}
 
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                  |label2=Tribe Commelineae
 
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                  |2={{clade
 
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                      |1={{clade
 
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                            |1=''[[Commelina]]''
 
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                            |2=''[[Pollia (plant)|Pollia]]''
 
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                            |3=''[[Polyspatha]]''
 
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                            |4=''[[Aneilema]]'' + ''[[Rhopalephora]]''
 
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                            }}
 
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                      |2={{clade
 
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                              |1=''[[Floscopa]]''
 
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                              |2=''[[Stanfieldiella]]''
 
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                              }}
 
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                      |3=''[[Buforrestia]]''
 
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                      |4={{clade
 
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                            |1=''[[Murdannia]]''
 
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                            |2=''[[Anthericopsis]]''
 
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                            }}               
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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All [[clades]] shown have 80% [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap support]] or better.
 
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==See also==
 
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*[[List of foliage plant diseases (Commelinaceae)]]
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist|3}}
 
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{{commons category}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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==External links==
 
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/commelin.htm Commelinaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 9 March 2006.  https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com:80/.
 
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* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=4740&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock  NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
 
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* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Commelinaceae links at CSDL]
 
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[[Category:Commelinaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Commelinid families]]
 

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