Difference between revisions of "Caryophyllaceae"

From Eat Every Plant
Jump to navigation Jump to search
m (1 revision: first quarter #4)
 
(redirect to category)
 
Line 1: Line 1:
−
{{Taxobox
+
#redirect [[:Category:Caryophyllaceae]]
−
| name = Carnation family
 
−
| image = Red campion close 700.jpg
 
−
| image_caption = ''[[Silene dioica]]''
 
−
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
−
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
−
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
−
| unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]]
 
−
| ordo = [[Caryophyllales]]
 
−
| familia = '''Caryophyllaceae'''
 
−
| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009/>
 
−
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genera]]
 
−
| subdivision = Many, see [[#Genera|text]]
 
−
}}
 
−
 
 
−
'''Caryophyllaceae''', commonly called the '''pink family''' or '''carnation family''', is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s. It is included in the [[dicotyledon]] order [[Caryophyllales]] in the [[APG III system]], alongside 33 other families, including [[Amaranthaceae]], [[Cactaceae]], and [[Polygonaceae]].<ref name=APGIII2009>{{cite journal |author=[[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x}}</ref> It is a large family, with 81 [[Genus|genera]] and about 2,625 known [[species]].<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
This [[cosmopolitan family]] of mostly [[herbaceous plant]]s is best represented in temperate climates, with a few species growing on tropical mountains. Some of the more commonly known members include pinks and carnations (''[[Dianthus]]''), and firepink and campions (''[[Lychnis]]'' and ''[[Silene]]''). Many [[species]] are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, and some species are widespread [[weed]]s. Most species grow in the [[Mediterranean]] and bordering regions of [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. The number of genera and species in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] is rather small, although the family does contain [[Antarctic pearlwort]] (''Colobanthus quitensis''), [[the world's southernmost]] dicot, which is one of only two flowering plants found in [[Antarctica]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=E. D. Rudolph |year=1965 |title=Antarctic lichens and vascular plants: their significance |journal=BioScience |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=285–287 |jstor=1293425 |doi=10.2307/1293425}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
==Description==
 
−
Despite its size and the somewhat doubtful mutual relationships, this family is rather uniform and easily recognizable.
 
−
 
 
−
Most are herbaceous [[Annual plant|annuals]] or [[Perennial plant|perennials]], dying off above ground each year. A few species are shrubs or small trees, such as some ''[[Acanthophyllum]]'' species.<ref name="Sambamurty">{{cite book |author=A. V. S. S. Sambamurty |year=2005 |title=Taxonomy of Angiosperms |publisher=I. K. International |isbn=978-81-88237-16-6 |chapter=Caryophyllaceae (pink family) |pages=270–279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrdidPp6HuAC&pg=PA270}}</ref> Most plants are non-[[succulent]]; i.e. having no fleshy stems or leaves. The nodes on the stem are swollen. The leaves are almost always opposite,<ref name="Mohlenbrock"/> rarely [[whorl (botany)|whorled]]. The blades are entire, petiolate, and often stipulate. These [[stipule]]s are not sheath-forming.
 
−
 
 
−
The hermaphroditic [[flower]]s are terminal, blooming singly or branched or forked in [[cyme (botany)|cyme]]s. The inflorescence is usually [[dichasial]] at least in the lower parts, which means that in the axil of each peduncle (primary flower stalk) of the terminal flower in the cyme, two new single-flower branches sprout up on each side of and below the first flower.<ref name="Sambamurty"/> If the terminal flowers are absent, then this can lead to [[monochasia]], i.e. a monoparous cyme with a single flower on each axis of the [[inflorescence]]. In the extreme, this leads to a single flower, such as in ''[[Githago]]'' or ''[[Arenaria (plant)|Arenaria]]''.<ref name="Sambamurty"/> The flowers are regular and mostly with five [[petal]]s and five [[sepal]]s, but sometimes with four petals.<ref name="Mohlenbrock">{{cite book |author=Robert H. Mohlenbrock |year=2001 |title=Flowering Plants: Pokeweeds, Four-o'clocks, Carpetweeds, Cacti, Purslanes, Goosefoots, Pigweeds, and Pinks |series=The illustrated flora of Illinois |publisher=[[SIU Press]] |isbn=978-0-8093-2380-7 |chapter=Caryophyllaceae – pink family |pages=146–255 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UP4FnDJHYpsC&pg=PA146}}</ref> The sepals may be free from one another or united. The petals may be entire, fringed or deeply cleft. The calyx may be cylindrically inflated, as in ''Silene''. The [[stamen]]s number five or 10 (or more rarely four or eight),<ref name="Mohlenbrock"/> and are mostly isomerous with the perianth. The superior gynoecium has two to five [[carpel]]s (members of a compound pistil) and is syncarpous; i.e. with these carpels united in a compound ovary. This [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] has one chamber inside the ovary. The [[fruit]] may be a [[utricle (botany)|utricle]] with a single seed or a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] containing several seeds.<ref name="Mohlenbrock"/>
 
−
 
 
−
==Systematics==
 
−
[[File:Dianthus deltoides.jpeg|thumb|The "maiden pink", ''[[Dianthus deltoides]]'', belongs to the core group of Silenoideae.]]
 
−
[[File:Minuartia gerardii.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Minuartia gerardii]]'' belongs to a clade traditionally included in the Alsinoideae.]]
 
−
[[File:Paronychia argentea.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Paronychia argentea]]'' from the primitive Paronychioideae assemblage]]
 
−
[[File:Stellaria ruscifolia 01.jpg|thumb|''[[Stellaria ruscifolia]]'' is traditionally placed in the Alsinoideae, but may not be a close relative of ''[[Minuartia]]''.]]
 
−
Currently, [[Amaranthaceae]] and Caryophyllaceae are sister groups and considered closely related.
 
−
 
 
−
Formerly, Caryophyllaceae were considered the sister family to all of the remaining members of the suborder [[Caryophyllineae]] because they have [[anthocyanins]], and not [[betalain]] pigments. However, [[cladistic]] analyses indicate Caryophyllaceae evolved from ancestors that contained betalain, reinforcing betalain as an accurate [[synapomorphy]] of the suborder.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Walter S. Judd |author2=Christopher S. Campbell |author3=Elizabeth A. Kellogg |author4=Peter F. Stevens |author5=Michael J. Donoghue |year=2008 |title=Plant Systematics: a Phylogenetic Approach |edition=3rd |publisher=Sinauer Associates |location=Sunderland, MA |isbn=978-0-87893-407-2}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
This family is traditionally divided in three subfamilies:
 
−
* [[Alsinoideae]]: no stipules, petals not united
 
−
* [[Silenoideae]]: no stipules, petals united
 
−
* [[Paronychioideae]]: fleshy stipules, petals separate or united
 
−
 
 
−
The last, however, are a [[basal (evolution)|basal]] [[paraphyly|grade]] of rather primitive members of this family, not closely related, but simply retaining many [[plesiomorph]]ic traits. Instead of a subfamily, most ought to be treated as genera ''[[incertae sedis]]'', but ''[[Corrigiola]]'' and ''[[Telephium]]'' might warrant recognition as [[Corrigioleae]]. The Alsinoideae, on the other hand, seem to form two distinct [[clade]]s, perhaps less some misplaced genera. Finally, the Silenoideae appear [[monophyletic]] at least for the most part, if some of the taxa misplaced in Alsinoideae are moved there; it may be that the name [[Caryophylloideae]] would apply for the revised delimitation.<ref>{{cite web |author=P. F. Stevens |work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/caryophyllalesweb.htm#Caryophyllaceae |title=Caryophyllaceae |date=9 June 2008 |accessdate=6 August 2008}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
However, [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]ization between many members of this family is rampant—particularly in the Silenoideae/Caryophylloideae—and some of the [[evolution|lineages of descent]] have been found to be highly complicated and do not readily yield to [[cladistic]] analysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Per Erixon |author2=Bengt Oxelman |year=2008 |title=Reticulate or tree-like chloroplast DNA evolution in Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae)? |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=313–325 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.015 |pmid=18490181}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
===Genera===
 
−
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
 
−
* ''[[Acanthophyllum]]''
 
−
* ''[[Achyronychia]]'' – onyxflower, frost-mat
 
−
* ''[[Agrostemma]]'' – corncockles
 
−
* ''[[Allochrusa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Alsinidendron]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ankyropetalum]]''
 
−
* ''[[Arenaria (plant)|Arenaria]]'' – sandworts
 
−
* ''[[Bolanthus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Bolbosaponaria]]''
 
−
* ''[[Brachystemma]]''
 
−
* ''[[Bufonia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Cardionema]]''
 
−
* ''[[Cerastium]]'' – mouse-ear chickweeds
 
−
* ''[[Cerdia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Colobanthus]]'' – pearlworts
 
−
* ''[[Cometes (plant)|Cometes]]''
 
−
* ''[[Corrigiola]]'' – strapworts
 
−
* ''[[Cucubalus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Cyathophylla]]''
 
−
* ''[[Dianthus]]'' – carnations and pinks
 
−
* ''[[Diaphanoptera]]''
 
−
* ''[[Dicheranthus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Drymaria]]''
 
−
* ''[[Drypis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Eremogone]]''
 
−
* ''[[Geocarpon]]''
 
−
* ''[[Gymnocarpos]]''
 
−
* ''[[Gypsophila]]'' – gypsophilas, baby's-breath
 
−
* ''[[Habrosia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Haya (plant)|Haya]]''
 
−
*''[[Heliosperma]]''
 
−
* ''[[Herniaria]]'' – ruptureworts
 
−
* ''[[Holosteum]]'' – jagged chickweeds
 
−
* ''[[Honckenya]]''
 
−
* ''[[Illecebrum]]''
 
−
* ''[[Kabulia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Krauseola]]''
 
−
* ''[[Kuhitangia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Lepyrodiclis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Lochia (plant)|Lochia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Loeflingia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Lychnis]]'' – campions, catchflies
 
−
* ''[[Melandrium]]''
 
−
* ''[[Mesostemma]]''
 
−
* ''[[Microphyes]]''
 
−
* ''[[Minuartia]]'' – sandworts, stitchworts
 
−
* ''[[Moehringia]]'' – sandworts
 
−
* ''[[Moenchia]]'' – upright chickweeds
 
−
* ''[[Myosoton]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ochotonophila]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ortegia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Paronychia (plant)|Paronychia]]'' – chickweeds
 
−
* ''[[Pentastemonodiscus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Petrocoptis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Petrorhagia]]'' (previously known as ''Tunica'')
 
−
* ''[[Philippiella]]''
 
−
* ''[[Phrynella (plant)|Phrynella]]''
 
−
* ''[[Pinosia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Pirinia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Pleioneura]]''
 
−
* ''[[Plettkia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Pollichia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Polycarpaea]]''
 
−
* ''[[Polycarpon]]''
 
−
* ''[[Polytepalum]]''
 
−
* ''[[Pseudostellaria]]''
 
−
* ''[[Pteranthus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Pycnophyllopsis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Pycnophyllum]]''
 
−
* ''[[Reicheella]]''
 
−
* ''[[Sagina]]'' – pearlworts
 
−
* ''[[Sanctambrosia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Saponaria]]'' – soapworts
 
−
* ''[[Schiedea]]''
 
−
* ''[[Scleranthopsis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Scleranthus]]'' – knawels
 
−
* ''[[Sclerocephalus (plant)|Sclerocephalus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Scopulophila]]''
 
−
* ''[[Selleola]]''
 
−
* ''[[Silene]]'' – campions, catchflies
 
−
* ''[[Spergula]]'' – spurreys
 
−
* ''[[Spergularia]]'' – sea-spurreys
 
−
* ''[[Sphaerocoma]]''
 
−
* ''[[Stellaria]]'' – chickweeds, stitchworts
 
−
* ''[[Stipulicida]]''
 
−
* ''[[Thurya]]''
 
−
* ''[[Thylacospermum]]''
 
−
* ''[[Uebelinia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Vaccaria]]''
 
−
* ''[[Velezia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Wilhelmsia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Xerotia]]''
 
−
{{div col end}}
 
−
 
 
−
==References==
 
−
{{reflist|32em}}
 
−
 
 
−
==External links==
 
−
*{{Commons category-inline}}
 
−
*{{Wikispecies-inline}}
 
−
*[http://www.plantlifeforms.com/Families220/PINK_CARYOPHYLLACEAE_5039036710_220.aspx Family Caryophyllaceae - Pink] Plant Life Forms
 
−
 
 
−
{{taxonbar}}
 
−
[[Category:Caryophyllaceae| ]]
 
−
[[Category:Caryophyllales families]]
 

Latest revision as of 15:20, 4 November 2017

Redirect to:

Retrieved from "https://eateveryplant.org/wiki/index.php?title=Caryophyllaceae&oldid=11919"