Difference between revisions of "Calyceraceae"

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{{Taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Calyceraceae]]
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|name = Calyceraceae
 
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|image= Calycera calcitrapa, Calyceraceae (8639683617).jpg
 
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|image_caption= ''Calycera calcitrapa''
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Asterales]]
 
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|familia = '''Calyceraceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]] ex [[Louis Claude Richard|Rich.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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'''Calyceraceae''' is a [[plant]] family in the order [[Asterales]]. The natural distribution of the about sixty species belonging to this family is restricted to the southern half of South-America. The species of the family resemble both the [[Asteraceae]] family and the [[Dipsacaceae]].<ref name=Hind>{{cite book|last= Hind|first= D.J.N.|year= 2009|title= Neotropical Calyceraceae|editor= Milliken, W. |editor2=Klitgård, B. |editor3=Baracat, A.|series= Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|url= http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Calyceraceae.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1= Lucio|last1= Zavala-Gallo|first2= Silvia|last2= Denham|first3= Raúl|last3= Pozner|year= 2010|title= Revision of the genus Nastanthus (Calyceraceae) [Revisión del género Nastanthus (Calyceraceae)]|journal= Gayana Botanica|volume= 67|issue= 2|pages= 158–175|url= http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/gbot/v67n2/art02.pdf|accessdate= 2016-02-28}}</ref>
 
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== Description ==
 
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Calyceraceae are perennial or annual herbs. There may be a few or many branched stems that may be without hair or with soft silky hairs. The leaves may be in a rosette at the base of the stems or set [[Leaf#Arrangement on the stem|alternately]] along the stems. [[Stipule]]s are lacking. The leafblade is [[Leaf#Divisions of the blade|simple]], but may be lobed to [[Leaf#Divisions of the blade|pinnatisect]]. The margin of the leaves may be entire or [[Leaf#Margins .28edge.29|toothed]]. The inflorescences are [[pseudanthium#Related terms|flowerheads]] comparable to those in the [[Asteraceae|sunflower family]]. They are at the top of the stems or opposite leaves, and may have a [[Peduncle (botany)|flowerstem]] or be seated, while each flowerhead may be on its own or in a [[Inflorescence#Determinate or Cymose|cyme]]. Each individual flowerhead is surrounded by an [[Bract#Involucral bracts|involucre]], consisting of one or two rows of bracts that are often leaf-like and usually not merged. The [[Receptacle (botany)#Angiosperms|base of the flowerhead]] may be [[Cone|conical]], convex or sometimes almost [[spheroid]]al. On the base of the flowerhead, at the base of each individual flower, are linear to narrowly lanceolate, green, chaffy scales (or [[Glossary of botanical terms#P|paleae]]) that become woody when seeds are ripening. Each flowerhead may contain a few or up to over one hundred [[hermaphrodite]] or unisexual, [[actinomorphic|star-symmetric]] or [[zygomorphic|mirror-symmetric]] flowers. The [[petal]]s are fused to form a funnel-shaped or sometimes cylinder-shaped corolla that is split into four to six lobes at the top. The corolla's remains stay on the top of the [[Achene|one-seeded dry fruit]] at maturity. Four or five [[stamen]]s alternate with the corolla lobes. The lower third of these filaments are fused with the corolla tube, while sometimes filaments may also be attached to their neighbors. Filaments carry [[nectar]]ies. The [[anther]]s stand upright, with [[pollen]] freed from a slit at the top. The style is thread-like without hairs, sticking out above the corolla tube, while the stigma at its tip is club-shaped or split in two. The [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] consists of two carpels with only one [[ovule]], which is pendulous and [[Ovule#Location within the plant|anatropous]]. The fruit is an [[achene]], with a persistent [[sepal|calyx]] which may consists of spines, contains one seed that is only enclosed by a thin [[Fruit anatomy|pericarp]] and has fleshy [[endosperm]]. The sepals may be free or fused calyx lobes, sometimes spine-like and woody on the outside. Fruits may be dispersed separately when ripe or can remain on the floral base that breaks free of the plant.<ref name=Hind />
 
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=== Differences with related families ===
 
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Both Calyceraceae and [[Asteraceae]] have their flowers set in heads with a common floral base. The bracts surrounding the flowerhead in the Calyceraceae are leaf-like while the involucral bracts in the Asteraceae differ clearly from the leaves. The anthers are free in the Calyceraceae and form a tube in the Asteraceae. The filaments in the Calyceraceae are, at least in their lower third, fused to the corolla, whereas in the Asteraceae the filaments are free or rarely connected (e.g. in ''[[Barnadesia]]'').<ref name=Hind />
 
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Both Calyceraceae and [[Dipsacaceae]] have persistent calyces, but these become lignified or spiny in Calyceraceae, but are cup-shaped or consist of a circle of hairs in the Dipsacaceae. Stamens are alternating with the corolla lobes and anthers open at their top in the Calyceraceae whereas stamens are centered on the petals and anthers open toward the middle of the flower in the Dipsacaceae.<ref name=Hind />
 
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== Distribution ==
 
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Six genera are assigned to this family: ''[[Acicarpha]]'', ''[[Boopis]]'', ''[[Calycera]]'', ''[[Gamocarpha]]'', ''[[Moschopsis]]'' and ''[[Nastanthus]]''.
 
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The majority of species in this family occur in Argentina, seven of which are [[Endemism|endemics]], with the highest species density south of the tropics. ''Calycera'' (eleven species) and ''Acicarpha'' (five species) both are widespread along the Andes from northern Argentina through to the Altiplano of Peru. Most of the thirteen species of ''Boopsis'' occur in the south of Argentina and Chile but some species are found in the tropics. ''Moschopsis'' grows in the Salta Province in Argentina.
 
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''Acicarpha tribuloides'' occurs as an introduced weed along roads in Florida.<ref name=Hind /><ref name=DeVore>{{cite journal|first= Melanie L.|last= DeVore|year= 1991|title= The occurrence of Acicarpha tribuloides (Calyceraceae) in eastern North America|journal= Rhodora|volume= 93|issue= 873|pages= 26–35|jstor= 23312753}}</ref>
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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<!---See: <ref>{{cite book|year= 2007|title= Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Asterales|series= The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Volume 8|editors= Joachim W. Kadereit |editor2=Charles Jeffrey|
 
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publisher= Springer Science & Business Media|paGE= 19-25}}</ref>--->
 
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[[Category:Asterales families]]
 
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[[Category:Asterales]]
 

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