Difference between revisions of "Balanophoraceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Balanophoraceae]]
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|name = Balanophoraceae
 
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|image = BalanophoraceaeCoorg3.jpg
 
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|image_caption = A ''Balanophora'' sp. from the [[Western Ghats]]
 
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|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]]
 
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|ordo = [[Santalales]]
 
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|familia = '''Balanophoraceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Louis Claude Richard|Rich.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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|subdivision = 17, see [[#Genera|text]]
 
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|}}
 
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The '''Balanophoraceae''' (from the inflorescence which appears to be covered by [[barnacles]]) are a [[subtropical]] to [[tropical]] [[family (biology)|family]] of [[Obligate parasite|obligate parasitic]] [[flowering plants]], notable for their unusual development and obscure affinities. The family consist of 17 genera and around 44 known species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> The plants are normally found in moist inland forests growing on tree roots and have an aboveground [[inflorescence]] with the overall appearance of a fungus, composed of numerous minute flowers.  The inflorescences develop inside the tuberous underground part of the plant, before rupturing it and surfacing.  The plants are monoecious, or dioecious, and the fruits are indehiscent drupes or nuts.  The underground portion, which attaches itself to the host, looks like a tuber, and is not a proper root system.  The plants contain no [[chlorophyll]]. ''Balanophora'' means "bearing an acorn" (shape of the female inflorescence).
 
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In the classification system of [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]] the Balanophoraceae were placed in the order Balanophorales in the [[superorder]] Balanophoriflorae (also called Balanophoranae). The [[APG II system]], of 2003 (unchanged from the [[APG system]], of 1998), also recognizes this family, but leaves it unplaced as to order and higher grouping.  The [[APG III system]] and [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html AP-Website] indicate that the family should be included in the order [[Santalales]] (post APG II), where it was also placed by the [[Cronquist system]] (1981).<ref name=APGIII2009/>
 
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The [[species]] ''[[Balanophora elongata]]'' is a parasite on tree roots and can be found in [[montane forest]] such as that of the [[Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park|Mount Gede Pangrango National Park]] in the [[Indonesia]]n province of [[West Java]].<ref name="WILDINDONESIA">{{cite book
 
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  | last =Whitten  | first =Tony and Jane  | title =Wild Indonesia: The Wildlife and Scenery of the Indonesian Archipelago  | publisher =New Holland  | year =1992  | location =United Kingdom
 
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  | isbn = 1-85368-128-8  | page =127}}</ref>
 
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== Genera ==
 
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* ''[[Balanophora]]''
 
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* ''[[Chlamydophytum]]''
 
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* ''[[Corynaea (plant)|Corynaea]]''
 
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* ''[[Dactylanthus taylorii|Dactylanthus]]''
 
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* ''[[Ditepalanthus]]''
 
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* ''[[Exorhopala]]''
 
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* ''[[Hachettea]]''
 
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* ''[[Helosis]]''
 
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* ''[[Langsdorffia]]''
 
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* ''[[Lophophytum]]'' <small>Schott & Endl.</small>
 
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* ''[[Mystropetalon]]''
 
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* ''[[Ombrophytum]]'' <small>Poepp. ex Endl.</small>
 
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* ''[[Rhopalocnemis]]''
 
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* ''[[Sarcophyte]]''
 
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* ''[[Scybalium]]''
 
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* ''[[Thonningia]]''
 
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<gallery>
 
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File:Hup Patad08.jpg|''Balanophora indica'' (northwestern Thailand)
 
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File:Balanophora_indica2.jpg|Male stems
 
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File:Hup Patad07.JPG|Female stems
 
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File:Balanophora fungosa.JPG|''B. fungosa'' in rainforest near Cairns, North Queensland
 
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</gallery>
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{Commons category|Balanophoraceae}}
 
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/balanoph.htm Balanophoraceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 2 June 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com:80/
 
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* [http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/Balanophoraceae/index.html Balanophoraceae at Parasitic plants]
 
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* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=25673&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
 
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{{Wikispecies|Balanophoraceae}}
 
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{{Authority control}}
 
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[[Category:Santalales]]
 
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[[Category:Eudicot families]]
 
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[[Category:Balanophoraceae|*]]
 

Latest revision as of 12:29, 9 September 2017

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