Difference between revisions of "Actinidia"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Actinidia]]
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| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|45|0|[[Middle Eocene]]–[[Holocene|recent]]; 45–0 Mya}}
 
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| image = Actinidia-kolomikta.JPG
 
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| image_caption =''Actinidia kolomikta'' ('Arctic Beauty')
 
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| taxon = Actinidia
 
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| authority = [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]
 
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| type_species = ''[[Actinidia callosa]]''&nbsp;<ref>{{cite journal |author=Xin-Wei Li & Jian-Qiang Li |year=2007 |title=Lectotypification of ''Actinidia'' |journal=[[Nordic Journal of Botany]] |volume=25 |issue=5–6 |pages=294–295 |doi=10.1111/j.0107-055X.2008.00166.x}}</ref>
 
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| type_species_authority = Lindl.
 
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}}
 
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'''''Actinidia''''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|k|t|ᵻ|ˈ|n|ɪ|d|i|ə}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a genus of [[woody plant|woody]] and, with a few exceptions, [[dioecious]] plants native to temperate eastern [[Asia]], occurring throughout most of [[China]], [[Taiwan]], [[Korea]], and [[Japan]], and extending north to southeast [[Siberia]] and south into [[Indochina]]. The genus includes [[shrub]]s growing to {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} tall, and vigorous, strong-growing [[vine]]s, growing up to {{convert|30|m|abbr=on}} in tree canopies. They mostly tolerate temperatures down to around −15°C (5°F), and some are much hardier.
 
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The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate and simple, with a dentated margin and a long [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]. The [[flower]]s are solitary or in axillary [[Cyme (botany)|cymes]], usually white, with five small [[petal]]s. Most of the species are [[plant sexuality|dioecious]] with separate male and female plants, but some are [[monoecy|monoecious]]. The [[fruit]] is a large [[berry (botany)|berry]] containing numerous small [[seed]]s; in most species, the fruit is edible. In particular, this genus is known for the species ''[[Actinidia deliciosa]]'', the [[kiwifruit]] or Chinese gooseberry, and for the hardy ornamental ''[[Actinidia kolomikta|A.&nbsp;kolomikta]]''.
 
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==Fossil record==
 
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''Actinidia'' macrofossils have been recovered from the late [[Zanclean]] stage of [[Pliocene]] sites in [[Pocapaglia]],  [[Italy]].
 
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<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bertini|first1=Adele|last2=Martinetto|first2=Edoardo|year=2008|title=Messinian to Zanclean vegetation and climate of Northern and Central Italy|journal=Bolletino della Società Paleontologica Italiana|volume=47|issue=2|pages=105-121}}</ref>
 
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== Species ==
 
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The 40–60 [[species]] of ''Actinidia'' include:
 
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{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
 
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*''[[Actinidia arguta]]'' – kokuwa, tara vine or hardy kiwi
 
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**''A. arguta'' var. ''cordifolia''
 
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**''A. arguta'' var. ''giraldii''
 
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**''A. arguta'' var. ''nervosa''
 
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**''A. arguta'' var. ''purpurea''
 
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*''[[Actinidia arisanensis]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia callosa]]''
 
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**''A. callosa'' var. ''acuminata''
 
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**''A. callosa'' var. ''discolor''
 
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**''A. callosa'' var. ''ephippioides''
 
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**''A. callosa'' var. ''formosana''
 
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**''A. callosa'' var. ''henryi''
 
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**''A. callosa'' var. ''strigillosa''
 
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*''[[Actinidia carnosifolia]]''
 
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**''A. carnosifolia'' var. ''glaucescens''
 
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*''[[Actinidia chengkouensis]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia chinensis]]''
 
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**''A. chinensis'' var. ''hispida''
 
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**''A. chinensis'' var. ''jinggangshanensis''
 
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**''A. chinensis'' var. ''setosa''
 
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*''[[Actinidia chrysantha]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia cinerascens]]''
 
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**''A. cinerascens'' var. ''longipetiolata''
 
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**''A. cinerascens'' var. ''tenuifolia''
 
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*''[[Actinidia cordifolia]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia coriacea]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia cylindrica]]''
 
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**''A. cylindrica'' f. ''obtusifolia''{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}
 
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*''[[Actinidia deliciosa]]'' – kiwifruit, mi hou tao or Chinese gooseberry
 
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*''[[Actinidia eriantha]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia farinosa]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia fasciculoides]]''
 
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**''A. fasciculoides'' var. ''cuneata''
 
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**''A. fasciculoides'' var. ''orbiculata''
 
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*†''[[Actinidia faveolata]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia fortunatii]]''
 
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*''{{extinct}}[[Actinidia foveolata]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia fulvicoma]]''
 
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**''A. fulvicoma'' var. ''lanata''
 
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***''A. fulvicoma'' var. ''lanata'' f. ''arachnoidea''{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}
 
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***''A. fulvicoma'' var. ''lanata'' f. ''hirsuta''{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}
 
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**''A. fulvicoma'' var. ''pachyphylla''
 
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*†''[[Actinidia germanica]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia glauco-callosa-callosa]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia glaucophylla]]''
 
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**''A. glaucophylla'' var. ''asymmetrica''
 
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**''A. glaucophylla'' var. ''robusta''
 
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*''[[Actinidia globosa]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia gracilis]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia grandiflora]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia hemsleyana]]''
 
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**''A. hemsleyana'' var. ''kengiana''
 
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*''[[Actinidia henryi]]''
 
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**''A. henryi'' var. ''glabricaulis''
 
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**''A. henryi'' var. ''polyodonta''
 
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*''[[Actinidia holotricha]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia hubeiensis]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia indochinensis]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia kolomikta]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia laevissima]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia lanceolata]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia latifolia]]''
 
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**''A. latifolia'' var. ''mollis''
 
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*''[[Actinidia leptophylla]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia liangguangensis]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia lijiangensis]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia linguiensis]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia longicarpa]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia macrosperma]]''
 
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**''A. macrosperma'' var. ''mumoides''
 
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*''[[Actinidia maloides]]''
 
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**''A. maloides'' f. ''cordata''{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}
 
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*''[[Actinidia melanandra]]''
 
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**''A. melanandra'' var. ''cretacea''
 
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**''A. melanandra'' var. ''glabrescens''
 
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**''A. melanandra'' var. ''kwangsiensis''
 
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**''A. melanandra'' var. ''subconcolor''
 
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*''[[Actinidia melliana]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia obovata]]''
 
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*{{extinct}}''[[Actinidia oregonensis]]''<ref name="Manchester1994">{{Cite journal |last1=Manchester |first1=S.R. |title=Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon |year=1994 |journal=Palaeontographica Americana |volume=58 |pages=30–31}}</ref>
 
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*''[[Actinidia persicina]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia pilosula]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia polygama]]'' – silver vine<!-- Fruit small, 2-2.5 cm diameter, yellow. -->
 
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*''[[Actinidia purpurea]]'' <!-- Fruit similar to ''A. arguta'' but red-fleshed. -->
 
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*''[[Actinidia rongshuiensis]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia rubricaulis]]''
 
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**''A. rubricaulis'' var. ''coriacea''
 
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*''[[Actinidia rubus]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia rudis]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia rufa]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia rufotricha]]''
 
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**''A. rufotricha'' var. ''glomerata''
 
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*''[[Actinidia sabiaefolia]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia sorbifolia]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia stellato-pilosa-pilosa]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia styracifolia]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia suberifolia]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia tetramera]]''
 
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**''A. tetramera'' var. ''badongensis''
 
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*''[[Actinidia trichogyna]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia ulmifolia]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia umbelloides]]''
 
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**''A. umbelloides'' var. ''flabellifolia''
 
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*''[[Actinidia valvata]]''
 
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**''A. valvata'' var. ''boehmeriaefolia''
 
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*''[[Actinidia venosa]]''
 
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**''A. venosa'' f. ''pubescens''
 
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*''[[Actinidia vitifolia]]''
 
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*''[[Actinidia zhejiangensis]]''
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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[[File:Actinidia fruits.jpg|thumb|''Actinidia'' spp. fruits<br/>A = ''A.&nbsp;arguta'', C = ''A.&nbsp;chinensis'', D&nbsp;=&nbsp;''A.&nbsp;deliciosa'', E = ''A.&nbsp;eriantha'', I&nbsp;=&nbsp;''A.&nbsp;indochinensis'', P = ''A.&nbsp;polygama'', S&nbsp;=&nbsp;''A.&nbsp;setosa'']]
 
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== Uses ==
 
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Kiwifruit is a [[cultivar group]] of ''A. deliciosa'', and hardy kiwi is the species ''[[Actinidia arguta]]'', which has small fruit weighing {{convert|10|-|15|g|abbr=on}}, with green edible skins and green flesh; it is hardier than ''A.&nbsp;deliciosa''. Some species are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, notably ''A.&nbsp;kolomikta''. 
 
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In Japan, ''[[Actinidia polygama]]'' ([[silver vine]]) is noted for having an effect on cats much like that of [[catnip]].  It is mentioned in the saying 猫にまたたび、女郎に小判 (''neko ni matatabi, jorō ni koban'', "[[silver vine]] to a cat, a coin to a prostitute"), meaning to put someone in a good mood by providing that which they most desire.
 
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''A. kolomikta'' is the hardiest species (to about -40°), and has distinctive white- and pink-[[variegation|variegated]] foliage even on wild plants, an unusual phenomenon. Its fruit is very small, weighing {{convert|8|g|abbr=on}} or less.
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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* [http://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/himitunohanazono/miyamamatatabi_himitu_1.htm Images : Actinidia kolomikta (Maxim. et Rupr.) Maxim.] - Flavon's Secret Flower Garden
 
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{{Commons category|Actinidia}}
 
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[[Category:Actinidia| ]]
 
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[[Category:Ericales genera]]
 
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[[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]]
 

Latest revision as of 23:39, 5 June 2017

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