Difference between revisions of "Boraginales"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Boraginales]]
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|taxon = Boraginales
 
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|image = Echium vulgare 190605.JPG
 
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|image_width =
 
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|image_caption = ''[[Echium vulgare]]''
 
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|authority = Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Families
 
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|subdivision =
 
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*[[Boraginaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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'''Boraginales''' is a [[Validly published name (botany)|valid]] [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] [[Botanical name|name]] at the [[Taxonomic rank|rank]] of [[Order (biology)|order]] for a [[Taxon|group]] of [[flowering plant]]s. When recognized, it includes [[Boraginaceae]] and closely [[Affinity (taxonomy)|related]] [[asterid]] [[Family (biology)|families]].
 
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Boraginales is recognized in neither of two major [[Plant taxonomy|classification]] [[History of plant systematics|systems]], the [[Cronquist system]] and the [[APG III system]], but has been recognized in some recent [[scientific paper]]s.{{r|weigend2014}} The [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of Boraginales is essentially identical to the circumscription of Boraginaceae ''[[sensu]]'' [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG]]. The APG III system takes a broad view of Boraginaceae, including within it the traditionally recognized families [[Hydrophyllaceae]] and [[Lennoaceae]] based on recent [[molecular phylogenies]] that show that Boraginaceae, as traditionally defined, is [[paraphyletic]] over these two families. APG III includes Boraginaceae in the [[Euasterid]] I ([[lamiid]]) [[clade]] but this family is otherwise [[Incertae sedis|unplaced]]; its precise relationship to other families in the Euasterid I group remains unclear. In a [[phylogenetic]] [[Research|study]] of [[DNA sequence]]s of selected [[gene]]s, Boraginales was resolved as [[Sister taxon|sister]] to Lamiales sensu APG, but that result had only 65% [[maximum likelihood]] [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap support]].{{r|refrod2014}}
 
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In the 2016 [[APG IV system]] '''Boraginales''' is an order with only one family Boraginaceae, which includes the former family [[Codonaceae]].{{r|APG4}}
 
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In the Cronquist system, Boraginaceae (including [[Cordiaceae]], [[Ehretiaceae]], and [[Heliotropiaceae]]) and Lennoaceae were placed in Lamiales, and Hydrophyllaceae in Solanales.
 
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In some recent [[Academic publishing|publications]], Boraginaceae sensu APG has been recognized at the rank of order as Boraginales. As such, it has been split into several families: Boraginaceae [[sensu stricto|s.s.]], [[Cordiaceae]], [[Ehretiaceae]], [[Heliotropiaceae]], and Hydrophyllaceae. Some authors have defined a Boraginaceae sensu strictissimo by recognizing [[Codonaceae]] and [[Wellstediaceae]] as [[monogeneric]] families separate from Boraginaceae sensu stricto.{{r|apweb}} Boraginaceae is hard to [[Diagnosis (taxonomy)|characterize]] [[Plant morphology|morphologically]] if it includes the [[genera]] ''[[Codon]]'' and ''[[Wellstedia]]''.{{r|cohen2014}} ''Codon'' was long regarded as an unusual member of [[Hydrophyllaceae]], but in 1998, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] [[Research|study]] showed that it is closer to Boraginaceae.{{r|ferguson1998}}
 
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The [[Glossary of botanical terms #achlorophyllous|achlorophyllous]] [[holoparasite]]s ''[[Lennoa]]'' and ''[[Pholisma]]'' were once regarded as a family, [[Lennoaceae]], but it is now known that they form a [[clade]] that is nested within Ehretiaceae.{{r|gottschling2014}} Some studies have indicated that Hydrophyllaceae is paraphyletic if the [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Nameae]] is included within it, but further studies will be needed to resolve this issue.{{r|refrod2014}}
 
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The inclusion of the genus ''[[Hoplestigma]]'' in Boraginales was occasionally doubted until it was strongly [[Corroborating evidence|confirmed]] in a [[cladistic]] study in 2014.{{r|weigend2014}} ''Hoplestigma'' is the [[Sister taxon|closest relative]] of Cordiaceae and it has been recommended that the latter be expanded to include it.
 
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''[[Hydrolea]]'' was thought to belong in Hydrophyllaceae for more than a century after it was placed there by [[Asa Gray]], but it is now known to belong in the order [[Solanales]] as sister to [[Sphenoclea]].{{r|refrod2014}}
 
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''[[Pteleocarpa]]'' was long regarded as an [[Riddle|anomaly]], and was usually placed in Boraginales, but with considerable doubt. The [[molecular]] [[evidence]] strongly supports it as sister to [[Gelsemiaceae]],{{r|refrod2014}} and that family has been expanded to include it.{{r|struwe2014}}
 
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== References ==
 
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{{Reflist|refs=
 
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<ref name="APG4">{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/abstract |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 }}</ref>
 
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<ref name=ferguson1998>Diane M. Ferguson. 1998. "Phylogenetic Analysis and Relationships in Hydrophyllaceae Based on ndhF Sequence Data". ''Systematic Botany'' '''23'''(3):253-268.</ref>
 
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<ref name=cohen2014>James I. Cohen. 2014. "A phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular characters of Boraginaceae: evolutionary relationships, taxonomy, and patterns of character evolution". ''Cladistics'' '''30'''(2):139-169. {{doi|10.1111/cla.12036}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=gottschling2014>Marc Gottschling, Federico Luebert, Hartmut H. Hilger, and James S. Miller. 2014. "Molecular delimitations in the Ehretiaceae (Boraginales)". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''72''':1-6. {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2013.12.005}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=refrod2014>{{cite journal | last1 = Refulio-Rodriguez | first1 = Nancy F. | last2 = Olmstead | first2 = Richard G. | year = 2014 | title = Phylogeny of Lamiidae | url = | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 101 | issue = 2| pages = 287–299 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.1300394 }}</ref>
 
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<ref name=struwe2014>Lena Struwe, Valerie L. Soza, Sugumaran Manickam, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2014. "Gelsemiaceae (Gentianales) expanded to include the enigmatic Asian genus ''Pteleocarpa''". ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''175'''(4):482–496. {{doi|10.1111/boj.12182}}.</ref>
 
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<ref name=weigend2014>Maximilian Weigend, Federico Luebert, Marc Gottschling, Thomas L.P. Couvreur, Hartmut H. Hilger and James S. Miller. 2014. "From capsules to nutlets — phylogenetic relationships in the Boraginales". ''Cladistics'' '''30'''(5):508-518. {{doi|10.1111/cla.12061}}.</ref>
 
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<ref name="apweb">Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Boraginaceae" At: [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]. At: [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] Website. (see ''External links'' below)</ref>
 
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== Sources ==
 
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*Diane, N., H. Förther, and H. H. Hilger. 2002. A systematic analysis of ''Heliotropium'', ''Tournefortia'', and allied taxa of the Heliotropiaceae (Boraginales) based on ITS1 sequences and morphological data. ''American Journal of Botany'' 89: 287-295 (online abstract [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/2/287 here]).
 
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* Gottschling, M., H. H. Hilger 1, M. Wolf 2, N. Diane. 2001. Secondary Structure of the ITS1 Transcript and its Application in a Reconstruction of the Phylogeny of Boraginales. ''Plant Biology (Stuttgart)'' 3: 629-636 (abstract online [http://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/abstract/plantbiology/doi/10.1055/s-2001-19371 here])
 
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== External links ==
 
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/boraginaceae.gif Distribution Map] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/genera/boraginaceaegen.html Genus list] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/boraginalesweb.htm#Boraginaceae Boraginaceae] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/boraginalesweb.htm#Boraginales Boraginales] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/treeapweb2map.html Trees] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html APweb] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden]
 
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[[Category:Asterids]]
 
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[[Category:Monotypic plant orders]]
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
 

Latest revision as of 19:49, 8 September 2017

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