Difference between revisions of "Nymphaeales"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Nymphaeales]]
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| taxon = Nymphaeales
 
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| image = 2007 nymphaea lotus.jpg
 
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| fossil_range = {{fossil range|130|0}}[[Early Cretaceous]] - Recent
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Nymphaea lotus]]''
 
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| authority = [[Salisb.]] ''ex'' [[Bercht.]] & [[J.Presl]]<ref name="APG3" />
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Families
 
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| subdivision =
 
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[[Cabombaceae]]<br />
 
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[[Hydatellaceae]]<br />
 
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[[Nymphaeaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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The '''Nymphaeales''' are an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s, consisting of three [[Family (biology)|families]] of aquatic plants, the [[Hydatellaceae]], the [[Cabombaceae]], and the [[Nymphaeaceae]] (water lilies). It is one of the three orders of [[basal angiosperms]], an [[Basal (phylogenetics)|early-diverging]] [[Evolutionary grade|grade]] of [[flowering plants]]. At least 10 [[Plant morphology|morphological]] [[Phenotypic trait|characters]] unite the Nymphaeales.<ref name="apweb">Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] At: [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] Website. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> [[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular]] [[synapomorphies]] are also known.
 
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[[The Plant List]], created by the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] and [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] recognizes about 70 species in 11 genera within the order,<ref name="tpl2010">The Plant List (website). 2010. (See ''External links'' below.)</ref> but a [[phylogenetic]] study of the genus ''[[Nymphaea]]'' implies that the number of species could be more than 90.<ref name="borsch2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Borsch | first1 = Thomas | last2 = Löhne | first2 = Cornelia | last3 = Samba Mbaye | first3 = Mame | last4 = Wiersema | first4 = John H. | year = 2011 | title = Towards a complete species tree of Nymphaea: shedding further light on subg. Brachyceras and its relationships to the Australian water-lilies | url = | journal = [[Telopea (journal)|Telopea]] | volume = 13 | issue = 1-2| pages = 193–217 }}</ref> The difference in species numbers is due almost entirely to the difficulty of [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|delineating]] species in the genus ''Nymphaea''.
 
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All of the [[species]] are [[Rhizome|rhizomatous]] [[Aquatic plant|aquatic]] [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] with a broad [[Leaf#Base|leaf base]] and large, showy flowers.
 
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== Fossils ==
 
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The [[fossil]] record consists especially of seeds, but also pollen, stems, leaves, and flowers. It extends back to the [[Cretaceous]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/paleoherbs/nymphfr.html | title = Nymphaeales: Fossil Record | publisher = [[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 410 | pages = 357–360 | date = 15 March 2001 | title = Fossil evidence of water lilies (Nymphaeales) in the Early Cretaceous | author = Else Marie Friis, Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen and Peter R. Crane | doi = 10.1038/35066557 | pmid = 11268209 | issue = 6826 }}</ref> The [[crown group]] of the Nymphaeales has been estimated to be about 112 million years old.<ref name="magallon2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Magallón | first1 = Susana | last2 = Castillo | first2 = Amanda | year = 2009 | title = Angiosperm diversification through time | url = | journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 96 | issue = 1| pages = 349–365 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.0800060 | pmid=21628193}}</ref> Some have suggested that this age might be too old.<ref name="bell2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Bell | first1 = Charles D. | last2 = Soltis | first2 = Douglas E. |authorlink2=Douglas E. Soltis | last3 = Soltis | first3 = Pamela S. | authorlink3 = Pamela S. Soltis| year = 2010 | title = The age and diversification of the angiosperms re-revisited | url = | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 97 | issue = 8| pages = 1296–1303 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.0900346 | pmid=21616882}}</ref>
 
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The aquatic plant fossil ''[[Archaefructus]]'' possibly belongs to this group.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/1133/1/3 | title = The Year in Evolutionary Biology 2008 | date = June 2008 | journal = [[Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences]] | volume = 1133 | pages = 3–25 | doi = 10.1196/annals.1438.005 | pmid = 18559813 | last1 = Soltis |first1 = D. E. |authorlink1=Douglas E. Soltis | last2 = Bell | first2 = CD | last3 = Kim | first3 = S | last4 = Soltis | first4 = PS | authorlink4 = Pamela S. Soltis| issue=1}}</ref>
 
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== Classification ==
 
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The Nymphaeales currently include three families and about 70 to 90 species.
 
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{| align="left" style="text-align:left; padding:2.5px; background:#eef"
 
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|-
 
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| style="background:#fff; padding:2.5px; font-size:85%" |order '''Nymphaeales'''
 
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: '''[[Cabombaceae]]'''
 
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:* ''[[Brasenia]]'' (one species)
 
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:* ''[[Cabomba]]'' (five species)
 
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: '''[[Hydatellaceae]]'''
 
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:* ''[[Trithuria]]'' (12 species)
 
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: '''[[Nymphaeaceae]]'''
 
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:* ''[[Barclaya]]'' (three or four species)
 
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:* ''[[Euryale ferox|Euryale]]'' (one species)
 
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:* ''[[Nuphar]]'' (10-12 species)
 
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:* ''[[Nymphaea]]'' (35-50 species)
 
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:* ''[[Victoria (plant)|Victoria]]'' (two species)
 
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|{{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
 
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|label1=Angiosperms
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1=''[[Amborella]]''
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|label1='''Nymphaeales'''
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1=[[Hydatellaceae]]
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1=[[Cabombaceae]]
 
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|2=[[Nymphaeaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|1=[[Austrobaileyales]]
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1=[[magnoliids]]
 
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|2=[[Chloranthales]]
 
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}}
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|1=[[monocots]]
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|1=''[[Ceratophyllum]]''
 
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|2=[[eudicots]]
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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|-style="font-size:90%;"
 
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| colspan=2 | The classification of Nymphaeales and [[phylogenetics|phylogeny]] within the flowering plants, as of APG III (2009).
 
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|}{{Clear}}
 
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This order was not part of the [[APG II system|APG II system's]] 2003 plant classification (unchanged from the [[APG system]] of 1998), which instead had a broadly circumscribed family [[Nymphaeaceae]] (including [[Cabombaceae]]) unplaced in any order. The [[APG III system]] did separate the Cabombaceae from the Nymphaeaceae and placed them in the order Nymphaeales together with the Hydatellaceae.  The family [[Hydatellaceae]] was placed among the monocots in previous systems, but a 2007 study found that the family belongs to the Nymphaeales.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree |journal=Nature |volume=446 |issue=7133 |pages=312–5 |year=2007 |pmid=17361182 |doi=10.1038/nature05612 |last1=Saarela |first1=J. M. |last2=Rai |first2=H. S. |last3=Doyle |first3=J. A. |last4=Endress |first4=P. K. |last5=Mathews |first5=S. |last6=Marchant |first6=A. D. |last7=Briggs |first7=B. G. |last8=Graham |first8=S. W. |displayauthors=1}}</ref> In the [[APG IV system]], Hydatellaceae, Cabombaceae and Nymphaeaceae are the three families included in the Nymphaeales.<ref name=APGIV>{{Cite journal|authors=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|authorlink=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf|format=PDF|issn=00244074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}</ref>
 
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Some earlier systems, such as Cronquist's system of 1981, often included the [[Ceratophyllaceae]] and [[Nelumbonaceae]] in the Nymphaeales. Although, the [[Takhtajan system]] of 1980 separated the [[Nelumbonales]], the new order was retained alongside the Nymphaeales in the superorder Nymphaeanae.
 
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The [[Cronquist system]] placed the Nymphaeales in subclass [[Magnoliidae sensu Cronquist|Magnoliidae]], in class [[Magnoliopsida]] [=[[dicotyledons]]].  In addition, Cronquist included the [[Ceratophyllaceae]] and split the family Barclayaceae from the Nymphaeaceae.  Under the [[APG II system]], the family Cabombaceae was included within the Nymphaeaceae, but could optionally be recognized separately.  As of [[APG III system|APG III]], the two families are recognized separately.
 
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The [[Dahlgren system]] placed the Nymphaeales with the [[Piperales]] in superorder Nymphaeanae, within subclass Magnoliideae (dicotyledons). [[Thorne system (1992)|Thorne's 1992 system]] (and 2000 revision) placed the Nymphaeales as the sole order in the superorder Nymphaeanae within subclass Magnoliideae (=dicotyledons).
 
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{| class="wikitable" align="left" style="margin-left:1em"
 
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|+'''Comparison of the Nymphaeales across five systems'''
 
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!style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | [[APG III system]]<ref name="APG3">{{cite journal | journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] | volume=161 | pages=105–121 | author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group | year=2009 | title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x | issue=2}}</ref><br/>Nymphaeales
 
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!style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | [[Takhtajan system]]<ref name="Takhtajan">{{cite journal | last=Takhtajan | first=Armen L. | year=1980 | title=Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophyta) | journal=The Botanical Review | volume=46 | issue=3 | pages=225–359 | doi=10.1007/BF02861558 }}</ref><br/>Nymphaeales
 
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!style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | [[Cronquist system]]<ref name="Cronquist">{{cite book | last=Cronquist | first=Arthur | year=1981 | title=An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants | location=New York | publisher=Columbia University Press | isbn=0-231-03880-1 }}</ref><br/>Nymphaeales
 
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!style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | [[Dahlgren system]]<ref name="Dahlgren">{{cite journal | last=Dahlgren | first=R.M.T. | year=1980 | title = A revised system of classification of angiosperms | journal= Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=80 | issue=2 | pages=91–124 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x }}</ref><br/>Nymphaeales
 
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!style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | [[Thorne system (1992)]]<ref name="Thorne 1992">{{cite journal | last=Thorne | first=R. F. | year=1992 | title= Classification and geography of the flowering plants | journal= Botanical Review | volume=58 | pages=225–348 | doi= 10.1007/BF02858611 | issue=3}}</ref> & (2000)<ref name="Thorne 2000">{{cite journal | last=Thorne | first=R. F. | year=2000 | title= The classification and geography of the flowering plants: Dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae | journal= Botanical Review | volume=66 | issue=4 | pages=441–647 |doi= 10.1007/BF02869011 }}</ref><br/>Nymphaeales
 
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|-
 
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| [[Hydatellaceae]]
 
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| colspan=4 align="center" style="background:lightgrey" | ''among monocots, as Hydatellales''
 
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|-
 
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| [[Cabombaceae]]
 
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| [[Cabombaceae]]
 
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: ''Brasenia'', ''Cabomba''
 
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| [[Cabombaceae]]
 
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: ''Brasenia'', ''Cabomba''
 
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| [[Cabombaceae]]
 
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| [[Cabombaceae]]
 
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: ''Brasenia'', ''Cabomba''
 
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|-
 
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| rowspan=2 | [[Nymphaeaceae]]
 
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| rowspan=2 | [[Nymphaeaceae]]
 
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: subf. Barclayoideae, Euryaloideae, Nymphaeoideae
 
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| [[Barclayaceae]]
 
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: ''Barclaya''
 
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| rowspan=2 | [[Nymphaeaceae]]
 
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| rowspan=2 | [[Nymphaeaceae]]
 
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: ''Barclaya'', ''Euryale'', ''Nuphar'', ''Nymphaea'', ''Ondinea'', ''Victoria''
 
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|-
 
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| [[Nymphaeaceae]]
 
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: ''Euryale'', ''Nuphar'', ''Nymphaea'', ''Ondinea'', ''Victoria''
 
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|-
 
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| style="background:lightgrey" | sister to eudicot clade
 
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| [[Ceratophyllaceae]]
 
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| [[Ceratophyllaceae]]
 
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| [[Ceratophyllaceae]]
 
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| rowspan=2 style="background:lightgrey" | in Ranunculanae
 
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|-
 
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| style="background:lightgrey" | in Proteales
 
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| style="background:lightgrey" | in Nelumbonales
 
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| [[Nelumbonaceae]]
 
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| style="background:lightgrey" | in Magnolianae
 
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|}
 
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{{Clear}}
 
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== References ==
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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== Further reading ==
 
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* Michael G. Simpson. ''Plant Systematics''. Elsevier Academic Press. 2006.
 
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* Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, and Michael Krings. 2008. Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, Second Edition. Academic Press (an imprint of Elsevier): Burlington MA, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-12-373972-8}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/nymphaealesweb.htm#Nymphaeales Nymphaeales] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/alldb.shtml botanical databases] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plant-science/plant-science/about-science-conservation.aspx Plant Science] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden]
 
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*{{wikispecies-inline}}
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
 
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[[Category:Nymphaeales| ]]
 
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[[Category:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances]]
 

Latest revision as of 19:57, 8 September 2017

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