Difference between revisions of "Sapindaceae"

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{{Automatic_taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Sapindaceae]]
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| name = Soapberry family
 
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| image = Lychee.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Lychee|Litchi chinensis]]'' leaves and fruit
 
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| taxon = Sapindaceae
 
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| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
 
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| diversity_link = List of Sapindaceae genera
 
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| diversity = 1,900+ species in ca. 140 genera
 
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Family (biology)|Subfamilies]]
 
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| subdivision =
 
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[[Dodonaeoideae]]<br>
 
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[[Hippocastanoideae]]<br>
 
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[[Sapindoideae]]<br>
 
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[[Xanthoceroideae]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?999 |title=Sapindaceae Juss., nom. cons. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=2003-01-17 |accessdate=2009-04-11}}</ref>
 
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| range_map = Sapindaceae Distribution.svg
 
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| range_map_caption = The range of Sapindaceae.
 
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}}
 
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The '''Sapindaceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the order [[Sapindales]] known as the '''soapberry family'''. It contains 138 genera<ref name=TPL>{{cite web |title=The Plant List:Sapindaceae |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Sapindaceae/ |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden |accessdate=5 April 2017 }}</ref> and 1858 accepted species, including [[maple]], [[ackee]], [[Aesculus|horse chestnut]] and [[lychee]].
 
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The Sapindaceae occur in temperate to tropical regions, many in [[laurel forest]] habitat, throughout the world. Many are [[Glossary of botanical terms#laticiferous|laticiferous]], i.e. they contain [[latex]], a milky [[sap]], and many contain mildly [[Toxicity|toxic]] [[saponin]]s with [[soap]]-like qualities in either the foliage and/or the seeds, or roots. The largest genera are ''[[Serjania]]'', ''[[Paullinia]]'', ''[[Maple|Acer]]'' and ''[[Allophylus]]''.
 
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The largely temperate genera formerly separated in the families [[Aceraceae]] (''Acer'', ''[[Dipteronia]]'') and [[Hippocastanaceae]] (''[[Aesculus]]'', ''[[Billia]]'', ''[[Handeliodendron]]'') were included within a more broadly circumscribed Sapindaceae by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG]]. Recent research has confirmed the inclusion of these genera in Sapindaceae.<ref name="singh">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurjaran |title=Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach |year=2004 |publisher=Science Publishers |location=[[Enfield, New Hampshire]] |isbn=1-57808-342-7| pages=438–440}}</ref><ref name="harrington">{{cite journal |last=Harrington |first=Mark G. |author2=Karen J. Edwards |author3=Sheila A. Johnson |author4=Mark W. Chase |author5=Paul A. Gadek |year=2005 |title=Phylogenetic inference in Sapindaceae ''sensu lato'' using plastid ''matK'' and ''rbcL'' DNA sequences |journal=[[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=366–382 |doi=10.1600/0363644054223549}}</ref>
 
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==Characteristics==
 
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Plants of this family have a variety of habits, from [[tree]]s to [[herbaceous plant]]s or [[liana]]s. Their leaves usually spirally alternate, sometimes (in ''[[Maple|Acer]], [[Aesculus]]'', and a few other genera) opposite. They are most often [[leaf shape|pinnately compound]], sometimes palmately compound as in ''Aesculus'', or just palmate as in ''Acer''. The [[petiole (botany)|petiole]] has a swollen base and lacks [[stipules]].<ref name="singh"/> Some genera and species have [[laurel forest]] foliage due to [[convergent evolution]].
 
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[[File:Dodonaea viscosa (Hopbush) W2 IMG 1899.jpg|thumb|190px|left|''[[Dodonaea viscosa]]'' flowers]]
 
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[[Flower]]s are small and [[unisexual]], or functionally unisexual, though plants may be either [[dioecy|dioecious]] or monoecious. They are usually grouped in [[inflorescence|cymes]] grouped in [[panicle]]s. They most often have four or five [[petal]]s and [[sepal]]s (petals are absent in ''[[Dodonaea]]''). The [[stamen]]s range from four to ten, usually on a [[nectar disc]] between the petals and stamen, their filaments are often hairy. The most frequent number is eight, in two rings of four. The [[gynoecium]] contains two or three [[carpel]]s, sometimes up to six. There is usually only one [[Style (botany)|style]] with a lobed stigma. Most often [[pollination|pollinated]] by [[Pollinator#Vertebrates|birds]] or [[Pollinator|insects]], with a few species pollinated by [[Anemophily|wind]].<ref name="singh"/>
 
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The [[fruit]]s are fleshy or dry. They may be [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]], [[berries]], [[drupe]]s, [[schizocarp]]s, [[capsule (fruit)|capsules]] (''[[Bridgesia]]''), or [[samara (fruit)|samaras]] (''Acer''). The embryos are bent or coiled, without [[endosperm]] in the seed, but frequently with an [[aril]].<ref name="singh"/>
 
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==Classification==
 
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[[Image:Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum Whaldener Endo.jpg|thumb|left|Rambutan fruits.]]
 
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Sapindaceae are related to [[Rutaceae]], and both are usually placed in an order [[Sapindales]] or [[Rutales]], depending on whether they are kept separate and which name is used for the order.<ref name="singh"/> The most [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] member appears to be ''[[Xanthoceras]]''. Some authors maintain some or all of [[Hippocastanaceae]] and [[Aceraceae]], although this may result in [[paraphyly]].<ref name="singh"/><ref name="harrington"/> The former [[Ptaeroxylaceae]], now placed in Rutaceae, were sometimes placed in Sapindaceae.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Watson, L. |author2=Dallwitz, M.J. |lastauthoramp=yes | year=2007| title=Sapindaceae Juss.|work=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval |url= http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/sapindac.htm |accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref> The family is divided into 4 subfamilies.
 
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==Notable species==
 
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{{see also|List of Sapindaceae genera}}
 
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[[Image:Dimocarpus longan males F 070203 035 ime ed.jpg|thumb|right|Alupag, ''[[Dimocarpus didyma]]''  fruits]]
 
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Sapindaceae includes many species of economically valuable tropical [[fruit]], including the [[lychee]], [[longan]], [[Talisia esculenta|pitomba]], [[Melicoccus bijugatus|guinip/mamoncillo]], [[korlan]], [[rambutan]], [[pulasan]] and [[ackee]]. Other products include [[guarana]], [[Sapindus|soapberries]] and [[maple syrup]].
 
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Some species of [[Maple]] and [[Buckeye (tree)|Buckeye]] are valued for their wood, while several other genera, such as ''[[Koelreuteria]]'', ''[[Cardiospermum]]'' and ''[[Ungnadia]]'', are popular [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]]. ''[[Schleichera trijuga]]'' is the source of Indian [[macassar oil]]. [[Saponin]]s extracted from the [[drupe]] of ''[[Sapindus]]'' species are effective [[surfactant]]s and are used commercially in [[cosmetics]] and [[detergent]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.personalcaremagazine.com/Story.aspx?Story=4325 |title=Soap Nut Saponins Create Powerful Natural Surfactant |first=Karin |last=Stoffels |date=September 2008 |journal=Personal Care Magazine |publisher=Jeen International Corporation}}</ref>
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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{{commons category}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Sapindaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Sapindales families]]
 

Latest revision as of 19:31, 6 September 2017

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