Difference between revisions of "Rutaceae"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Rutaceae]]
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| image = Skimmia reevesiana2.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Skimmia japonica]]''
 
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| taxon = Rutaceae
 
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| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]], 1789<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?979 |title=''Rutaceae''  Juss., nom. cons. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=2003-01-17 |accessdate=2009-04-11}}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Family (biology)|Subfamilies]]
 
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| subdivision =
 
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[[Rutoideae]]<br />
 
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[[Spathelioideae]]<br />
 
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[[Dictyoloma]]toideae<br />
 
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[[Toddalioideae]]<br />
 
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[[Flindersioideae]]<br />
 
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[[Aurantioideae]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=oumyfO-NHuUC |first=Armen |last=Takhtajan |title=Flowering Plants |edition=2 |year=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9608-2 |pages=375–376}}</ref>
 
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| diversity = About 160 genera, totaling over 1600 species.
 
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| diversity_link = list of Rutaceae genera
 
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| range_map = Cneoroideae distribution.svg
 
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| range_map_caption = Range of subfamily Cneoroideae
 
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| range_map2 = Rutoideae distribution.svg
 
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| range_map2_caption = Range of subfamily Rutoideae
 
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}}
 
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The '''Rutaceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]], commonly known as the [[rue]]<ref name="BoDD">[http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/RUTA.html RUTACEAE] in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database</ref> or [[citrus]] family,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plantsystematics.org/taxpage/0/family/Rutaceae.html|title=Rutaceae (Citrus family) – 245 images at PlantSystematics.org  images, phylogeny, nomenclature for  (Rutaceae)|work=plantsystematics.org}}</ref> of [[flowering plant]]s, usually placed in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Sapindales]].
 
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Species of the family generally have [[flower]]s that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents. They range in form and size from [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] to [[shrub]]s and small [[tree]]s.
 
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The most economically important [[genus]] in the family is ''[[Citrus]]'', which includes the [[Orange (fruit)|orange]] (''C.'' × ''sinensis''), [[lemon]] (''C.'' × ''limon''), [[grapefruit]] (''C.'' × ''paradisi''), and [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] (various, mostly ''C. aurantifolia'', the [[key lime]]). ''[[Boronia]]'' is a large Australian genus, some members of which are plants with highly fragrant flowers and are used in commercial [[Essential oil|oil]] production. Other large genera include ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'', ''[[Melicope]]'', and ''[[Agathosma]]''. About 160 [[genus|genera]] are in the family Rutaceae: [[List of Rutaceae genera]].
 
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== Characteristics ==
 
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Most species are trees or shrubs, a few are herbs (''[[Boenninghausenia]]'' and ''[[Dictamnus]]''), frequently aromatic with [[gland]]s on the [[Leaf|leaves]], sometimes with [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|thorns]]. The leaves are usually opposed and [[compound leaf|compound]], and without [[stipule]]s. Pellucid glands, a type of oil gland, are found in the leaves responsible for the aromatic smell of the family's members; traditionally they have been the primary [[synapomorphic]] characteristic to identify the Rutaceae.
 
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Flowers are [[bract]]less, solitary or in [[Inflorescence|cyme]], rarely in [[raceme]], and mainly [[Pollination|pollinated]] by insects. They are [[Floral symmetry|radially]] or (rarely) laterally symmetric, and generally [[plant sexuality|hermaphroditic]]. They have four or five [[petal]]s and [[sepal]]s, sometimes three, mostly separate, eight to ten [[stamen]] (five in ''[[Skimmia]]'', many in ''[[Citrus]]''), usually separate or in several groups. Usually a single stigma with 2 to 5 united [[carpel]]s, sometimes ovaries separate but styles combined.
 
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The fruit of the Rutaceae are very variable: [[Berry (botany)|berries]], [[drupe]]s, [[hesperidium|hesperidia]], [[samara (fruit)|samaras]], [[capsule (fruit)|capsules]], and [[follicle (fruit)|follicles]] all occur. Seed number also varies widely.
 
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== Classification ==
 
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The family is closely related to the [[Sapindaceae]], [[Simaroubaceae]], and [[Meliaceae]], and all are usually placed into the same [[order (biology)|order]], although some systems separate that order into [[Rutales]] and [[Sapindales]]. The families [[Flindersiaceae]] and [[Ptaeroxylaceae]] are sometimes kept separate, but nowadays generally are placed in the Rutaceae, as are the former [[Cneoraceae]]. The subfamilial organization has not been fully resolved, but the subfamily [[Aurantioideae]] (=Citroideae) is well supported; the placement of several genera remains unclear.
 
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== Notable species ==
 
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{{See also|List of Rutaceae genera|Citrus taxonomy}}
 
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[[File:NIH citrus.jpg|thumb|upright|Various ''Citrus'' fruits]]
 
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The family is of great economic importance in warm temperate and sub-tropical climates for its numerous edible fruits of the ''[[Citrus]]'' genus, such as the [[orange (fruit)|orange]], [[lemon]], [[calamansi]], [[lime (fruit)|lime]], [[kumquat]], [[Mandarin orange|mandarin]] and [[grapefruit]]. Non-citrus fruits include the [[White sapote]] (''Casimiroa edulis''), [[Orangeberry]] (''Glycosmis pentaphylla''), [[Clymenia (plant)|Clymenia]] (''Clymenia polyandra''), Limeberry (''[[Triphasia trifolia]]''), and the [[Bael]] (''Aegle marmelos''). Other plants are grown in [[horticulture]]: ''[[Murraya]]'' and ''[[Skimmia]]'' species, for example. ''[[Ruta]]'', ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'' and ''[[Casimiroa]]'' species are [[Herbalism|medicinals]]. Several plants are also used by the [[perfume]] industry, such as the Western Australian ''[[Boronia megastigma]]''.
 
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The genus ''[[Pilocarpus]]'' has species (''P. jaborandi'', and ''P. microphyllus'' from Brazil, and ''P. pennatifolius'' from Paraguay) from which the medicine [[pilocarpine]], used to treat glaucoma, is extracted.
 
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Spices are made from a number of species in the genus [[Zanthoxylum]], notably [[Sichuan pepper]].
 
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== References ==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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*{{cite journal |last=Chase |first=Mark W. |author2=Cynthia M. Morton |author3=Jacquelyn A. Kallunki |date=August 1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of Rutaceae: a cladistic analysis of the subfamilies using evidence from RBC and ATP sequence variation |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=1191–1199 |url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/86/8/1191|accessdate=2007-08-30 |doi=10.2307/2656983 |pmid=10449399 |jstor=2656983 |publisher=Botanical Society of America}}
 
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*{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurjaran |title=Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach |year=2004 |publisher=Science Publishers |location=Enfield, New Hampshire |isbn=1-57808-342-7| pages=438–440}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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*{{commonscat-inline|Rutaceae}}
 
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*{{wikispecies-inline}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Rutaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Sapindales families]]
 

Latest revision as of 19:22, 6 September 2017

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