Difference between revisions of "Juglandaceae"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Juglandaceae]]
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|image = Juglans regia Broadview.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''[[Juglans regia]]''
 
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|taxon = Juglandaceae
 
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|authority = [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]] ex [[Karl Julius Perleb|Perleb]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|type_genus = ''[[Juglans]]''
 
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|type_genus_authority = [[L.]]
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
 
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|subdivision = See text
 
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|synonyms =
 
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* Platycaryaceae <small>Nakai ex Doweld</small>
 
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* Pterocaryaceae <small>Nakai, ''nom. inval.''</small>
 
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* Rhoipteleaceae <small>Hand.-Mazz. 1932, ''nom. cons.''</small>
 
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|synonyms_ref = <ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?595 |title=Family: ''Juglandaceae'' DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2003-01-17 |accessdate=2011-11-17}}</ref>
 
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| range_map = Engelhardioideae Distribution.svg
 
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| range_map_caption = The range of subfamily Engelhardioideae.
 
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| range_map2 = Juglandoideae Distribution.svg
 
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| range_map2_caption = The range of subfamily Juglandoideae.
 
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}}
 
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The '''Juglandaceae''' are a family, known as the walnut family, of [[tree]]s, or sometimes shrubs, in the order [[Fagales]].  Various members of this family are native to the [[Americas]], [[Eurasia]], and [[Southeast Asia]].
 
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Members of the walnut family have large, aromatic leaves that are usually alternate, but opposite in ''[[Alfaroa]]'' and ''[[Oreomunnea]]''.  The [[leaf|leaves]] are pinnately compound or ternate, and usually 20–100&nbsp;cm long.
 
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The trees are [[Anemophily|wind-pollinated]], and the flowers are usually arranged in [[catkin]]s. {{clear|left}}
 
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The nine or ten genera in the family have a total of ca 50 species,<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> and include the commercially important [[nut (fruit)|nut]]-producing trees [[walnut]] (''Juglans''), [[pecan]] (''Carya illinoinensis''), and [[hickory]] (''Carya'').  The Persian walnut, ''[[Juglans regia]]'', is one of the major nut crops of the world.  Walnut, hickory, and [[Alfaroa|gaulin]] are also valuable timber trees.
 
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==Taxonomy==
 
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[[Image:Platycarya strobilacea1.jpg|right|thumb|Foliage and seed catkin of ''[[Platycarya strobilacea]]'']]
 
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The known living genera are grouped into subfamilies, tribes, and subtribes as follows:<ref>{{cite journal |first= P. S. |last=Manos |author2=D. E. Stone |year=2001 |title=Evolution, phylogeny and systematics of the Juglandaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=88 |pages=231–269 |doi=10.2307/2666226}}</ref>
 
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* '''Subfamily [[Rhoipteleoideae]] <small>Reveal</small>'''
 
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** ''[[Rhoiptelea]]'' <small>Diels & Hand.-Mazz. 1932</small><ref name="GRINGenera">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?595 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Juglandaceae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2011-11-17}}</ref>
 
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* '''Subfamily [[Engelhardioideae]] <small>Iljinskaya 1990</small>'''
 
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** ''[[Alfaroa]]'' <small>Standl. 1927</small>—gaulin
 
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<!-- Alfaropsis is a synonym of Engelhardia. -->
 
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** ''[[Engelhardia]]'' <small>Lesch. ex Blume 1825–1826</small>—cheo
 
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** ''[[Oreomunnea]]'' <small>Oerst. 1856</small>
 
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* '''Subfamily [[Juglandoideae]] <small>Eaton 1836</small>'''
 
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** '''Tribe [[Platycaryeae]] <small>Nakai 1933</small>'''
 
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*** ''[[Platycarya]]'' <small>Siebold & Zucc. 1843</small>
 
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** '''Tribe [[Juglandeae]] <small>Rchb. 1832</small>'''
 
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*** '''Subtribe [[Caryinae]] <small>D.E. Stone & P. S. Manos 2001</small>'''
 
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**** ''[[hickory|Carya]]'' <small>Nutt. 1818</small>—hickory and pecan
 
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**** ''[[Annamocarya]]'' <small>A.Chev. 1941</small> (sometimes included in ''Carya'')
 
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*** '''Subtribe [[Juglandinae]] <small>D.E. Stone & P. S. Manos 2001</small>'''
 
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**** ''[[Cyclocarya]]'' <small>Iljinsk 1953</small>—wheel wingnut
 
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**** ''[[Juglans]]'' <small>L. 1753</small>—walnut
 
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**** ''[[Pterocarya]]'' <small>Kunth 1824</small>—wingnut
 
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==Systematics==
 
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Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggest the following relationships:<ref>{{cite journal | author = Xiang X-G, Wang W, Li R-Q, Lin L, Liu Y, Zhou Z-K, Li Z-Y, Chen Z-D. | year = 2014 | title = Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal fagalean diversification promoted by the interplay of diaspores and environments in the Paleogene | journal = Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics | volume = 16 | pages = 101–110 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1433831914000201 | doi = 10.1016/j.ppees.2014.03.001}}</ref>
 
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{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1=[[Myricaceae]]&nbsp;([[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]])
 
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  |label2=Juglandaceae
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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    |label1=[[Rhoipteleoideae]]
 
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    |1=''[[Rhoiptelea]]''
 
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    |2={{clade
 
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      |label1=[[Engelhardioideae]]
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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        |1=''[[Engelhardia]]''
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Alfaroa]]''
 
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          |2=''[[Oreomunnea]]''
 
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          }}
 
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        }}
 
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      |label2=[[Juglandoideae]]
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[hickory|Carya]]''
 
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          |2=''[[Annamocarya]]''
 
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          }}
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Platycarya]]''
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Cyclocarya]]''
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Pterocarya]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Juglans]]''
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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    }}
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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==Fruits==
 
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[[Image:Walnut03.jpg|right|thumb|Nut of ''[[Juglans regia]]'']]
 
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Some fruits are borderline and difficult to categorize.  Hickory nuts (''[[Carya (genus)|Carya]]'') and walnuts (''[[Juglans]]'')  grow within an outer husk; these fruits are sometimes considered to be [[drupe]]s or drupaceous nuts, rather than true botanical nuts.  "Tryma" is a specialized term for such nut-like drupes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/fruitid1.htm |first=W.P. |last=Armstrong |title=Identification Of Major Fruit Types |publisher=Wayne's World |accessdate=2011-11-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120221956/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/fruitid1.htm |archivedate=2011-11-20 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph8.htm |first=W.P. |last=Armstrong |title=Fruits Called Nuts |publisher=Wayne's World |date=2009-03-15 |accessdate=2011-11-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419013128/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph8.htm |archivedate=2012-04-19 |df= }}</ref>
 
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The fruits of the Juglandaceae are often confused with [[drupes]] but are [[accessory fruit]] because the outer covering of the fruit is technically an [[involucral bract|involucre]] and thus not morphologically part of the carpel; this means it can not be a drupe but is instead a drupe-like nut. These odd nuts fall into two different types: in the walnut genus ([[Juglans (genus)|Juglans]]), it is a pseudodrupe and in the hickory genus ([[Carya (genus)|Carya]]), it is a tryma.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=aE414KuXu4gC&pg=PA250&lpg=PA250&dq=involucre+walnut&source=bl&ots=QxhcEE2OpO&sig=J_AgO4H7skALX8TBXF5sLqZQ9s0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=C_4DUYmnOoL09gTvtIHYDA&ved=0CGAQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=involucre%20walnut&f=false John Derek Bewley, Michael Black, Peter Halmer (2006) ''The Encyclopedia of Seeds: Science, Technology And Uses'']</ref>
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist|2}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{commons category|position=left}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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{{Americana Poster|Juglandacæ}}
 
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[[Category:Juglandaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Fagales]]
 
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[[Category:Rosid families]]
 

Latest revision as of 20:35, 17 September 2017

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