Difference between revisions of "Droseraceae"

Latest revision as of 16:50, 6 September 2017

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Category:Droseraceae

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-{{Taxobox
+#redirect [[:Category:Droseraceae]]
-| name = Droseraceae
-| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]] – Recent
-| image = Dionaea_muscipula03.jpg
-| image_width = 230px
-| image_caption = [[Venus flytrap]] (''Dionaea muscipula'')
-| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
-| unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
-| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
-| unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]]
-| ordo = [[Caryophyllales]]
-| familia = '''Droseraceae'''
-| familia_authority = [[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
-| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
-| subdivision =
-''[[Aldrovanda]]''<br>
-''[[Venus flytrap|Dionaea]]''<br>
-''[[Drosera]]''<br>
-†?''[[Droserapollis]]''<br>
-†?''[[Droserapites]]''<br>
-†?''[[Droseridites]]''<br>
-†?''[[Fischeripollis]]''<br>
-†?''[[Palaeoaldrovanda]]''<br>
-†?''[[Saxonipollis]]''
-}}{{commons category}}
-'''Droseraceae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plants]]. The family is also known as the sundew family. It is a small family of [[carnivorous plant]]s, which consist of approximately 180 species in three [[Extant taxon|extant]] genera:<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref>
-==Description==
-Most of the members of Droseraceae are contained in ''[[Drosera]]'', the true sundews. Both ''[[Dionaea (plant)|Dionaea]]'' and ''[[Aldrovanda]]'' have only one extant species. ''Drosera''s secrete a sticky substance from their leaves that traps prey. ''Dionaea'' and ''Aldrovanda'' both use snap-traps that close rapidly when the leaves are disturbed, ''Dionaea'' is terrestrial, while ''Aldrovanda'' is strictly aquatic.  Like carnivorous plants of other families, the Droseraceae are able to supplement their nutrient intake, especially that of nitrogen, by capturing and digesting small animals such as insects.  In this way, these plants are able to thrive in nutrient-deficient areas, such as [[sphagnum bog]]s.
-===''Drosera''===
-''Drosera'' is one of the largest genera of carnivorous plants, and individual species vary extensively in their specific morphology. Common to all members of ''Drosera'' are highly modified leaves lined with tentacle-like glandular [[trichome]]s.  At the end of each trichome, a bead of highly viscous [[mucilage]] is secreted, which resembles a drop of dew.  The mucilage is a fairly pure aqueous solution of acidic polysaccharides with high molecular weights, which makes the mucilage not only highly viscous, but also very sticky,<ref name ="rost">{{ citation | title = Physical and chemical properties of the mucilage secreted by ''Drosera capensis'' | year = 1977 | author = Rost, K. | journal = Phytochemistry | volume = 16 | issue = 9 | pages = 1635–1638 |doi=10.1016/s0031-9422(00)88783-x | last2 =  Schauer | first2 = R. }}</ref>  so much so, a single drop of mucilage may be stretched to lengths of up to a meter and cover one million times its original surface area.<ref name ="rost"/><ref name="zhang">{{citation | doi=10.1186/1477-3155-8-20 | title = Nanofibers and nanoparticles from the insect capturing adhesive of the Sundew (''Drosera'') for cell attachment | year = 2010 | author = Zhang, M. | journal = Journal of Nanobiotechnology | volume = 8 | issue = 20 | url=http://www.jnanobiotechnology.com/content/8/1/20 | last2 = Lenaghan | first2 = S.C. | last3 = Xia | first3 = L. | last4 = Dong | first4 = L. | last5 = He | first5 = W. | last6 = Henson | first6 = W.R. | last7 = Fan | first7 = X.  }}</ref>  Insects and other prey animals are attracted by the smell of this mucilage and become stuck in it.   Such snares are termed “flypaper traps”, but the trapping mechanism of sundews is often erroneously described as “passive”.  In fact, sundew traps are quite active and sensitive, and the disturbance of one or a few trichomes quickly triggers an action potential that stimulates the rapid movement of other trichomes toward the prey.  The leaf then curls in on itself, enveloping the prey for digestion.<ref name="williams">{{ citation | title = Comparative physiology of the Droseraceae sensu stricto – How do tentacles bend and traps close? | year = 2002 | author = Williams, S.E. | journal = Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference | pages = 77–81 }}</ref>
-===''Dionaea''===
-''[[Dionaea muscipula]]'', better known as the [[Venus flytrap]], is a globally famous carnivorous plant and according to [[Charles Darwin]], “one of the most wonderful in the world.”<ref name ="darwin">{{citation | title = Insectivorous Plants | year = 1875 | author = Darwin, C. | publisher = John Murray | location = London, UK | url=http://darwin-online.org.uk }}</ref>  The leaves of ''Dionaea'' are also highly modified and form a “snap-trap” that quickly shuts when a stimulus is detected.  Three large trichomes extend outward on the inner surface of the trap.  Two of these three hairs must be stimulated within a certain amount of time to trigger the trap.  The trap closes as the result of a flipping of the trap lobes from a position where the exterior of the trap is concave to one where the exterior is convex.  This movement can begin as soon as 0.4 seconds after stimulation and can be completed after one second.<ref name="williams"/>
-===''Aldrovanda''===
-''[[Aldrovanda vesiculosa]]'', also called the waterwheel plant, is less well-known than its relative ''Dionaea muscipula'', but the two have similar trap structures.  The trap of ''Aldrovanda'' is aquatic and is smaller and faster than that of ''Dionaea''.<ref name="williams"/>  In addition, while two stimuli are required to close a trap in ''Dionaea'', only one is required in ''Aldrovanda''.  The trap of ''Aldrovanda'' closes about ten times faster than that of ''Dionaea''.<ref name="williams"/>
-==Phylogeny==
-Despite some debate, taxonomists have tended to include at least two of the three genera, and, in general, all three, in this family since at least 1906.<ref name="cameron">{{citation | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.9.1503 | title = Molecular evidence for the common origin of snap-traps among carnivorous plants | year = 2002 | author = Cameron, K. M. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 9 | pages = 1503 | last2 = Wurdack | first2 = K. J. | last3 = Jobson | first3 = R. W. | pmid=21665752}}</ref> Separate families for ''Dionaea'' and ''Aldrovanda'' have been proposed in the past.  These were Dionaecae, proposed in 1933, and Aldrovandaceae, proposed in 1949.<ref name="williams94">{{citation | title = Relationships of Droseraceae: a cladistic analysis of ''rbcL'' sequence and morphological data | year = 1994 | author = Williams, S.E. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 81 | issue = 8 | pages = 1027–1037 | last2 = Albert | first2 = V.A. | last3 = Chase | first3 = M.W. | doi=10.2307/2445297}}</ref> Ultimately, molecular and morphological evidence support the inclusion of all three, and also shows the two genera with traps that snap shut (''Dionaea'' and ''Aldrovanda'') are more closely related to each other than to ''Drosera'', suggesting snap traps evolved only once.<ref name="cameron"/>
-The family Droseraceae is part of the order [[Caryophyllales]] in the clade [[core eudicots]].<ref name="cameron"/> The family totals nearly 200 species.  Caryophyllales are divided into two major suborders: [[Caryophyllineae]], which contains the “core” Caryophyllales, such as [[Cactaceae]] and [[Amaranthaceae]] and is sister to the [[Polygonineae]] – the “non-core” Caryophyllales.  This non-core clade is where Droseraceae is placed.<ref name ="cuenoud">{{citation | title = Molecular phylogenetics of Caryophyllales based on nuclear 18S rDNA and plastid rbcL, atpB, and matK DNA sequences | year = 2002 | author = Cuénoud, P. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 1 | pages = 132–144 | last2 = Savolainen | first2 = V. | last3 = Chatrou | first3 = L.W. | last4 = Powell | first4 = M. | last5 = Grayer | first5 = R.J. | last6 = Chase | first6 = M.W. | doi=10.3732/ajb.89.1.132 | pmid=21669721}}</ref>
-In the past, ''[[Drosophyllum lusitanicum]]'' has been included in this family. ''Drosophyllum'', another monotypic genus, exhibits a flypaper-type trap similar to those of ''Drosera'', but ''Drosophyllum'' does not actively curl its leaves to envelop captured prey animals.  This important morphological distinction led researchers to question the validity of this taxon’s placement in Droseraceae. Other significant trait differences in ''Drosophyllum'' include [[pollen]] structure, trichome anatomy, and a woody stem with a deep taproot.<ref name="williams94"/> Ultimately, ''Drosophyllum'' was shown to be more closely related to the carnivorous [[liana]] ''[[Triphyophyllum]]'' and the noncarnivorous liana ''[[Ancistrocladus]]'', and is, thus, classified elsewhere (to be specific, its own monotypic family [[Drosophyllaceae]]).<ref name="cameron"/>  Recent molecular and biochemical evidence (see the [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html AP-Website]) suggests the carnivorous taxa in the order [[Caryophyllales]] (the families Droseraceae, [[Drosophyllaceae]], [[Nepenthaceae]], and the species ''[[Triphyophyllum peltatum]]'') all belong to the same [[clade]], which does not consist only of carnivorous plants, but also of some noncarnivorous plants such as those in the family [[Ancistrocladaceae]].
-The fossil record of Droseraceae is the richest of any carnivorous plant family. Fossil [[pollen]] has been attributed to several [[Extant taxon|extant]], as well as [[extinction|extinct]], genera, although some are of questionable validity.
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
-==External links==
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060404103703/http://delta-intkey.com:80/angio/www/droserac.htm Droseraceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 30 May 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com:80/
-* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10290 Droseraceae in the ''Flora of China'']
-* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=4360&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
-* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Droseraceae links at CSDL, Texas]
-{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
-[[Category:Droseraceae| ]]
-[[Category:Caryophyllales families]]

Difference between revisions of "Droseraceae"

Latest revision as of 16:50, 6 September 2017

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