Difference between revisions of "Crassulaceae"

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#redirect [[:Category:Crassulaceae]]
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{{taxobox
 
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|name = Crassulaceae
 
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|image = Crassula_ovata_700.jpg
 
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|image_caption = [[Jade plant]] or Friendship Tree, ''Crassula ovata''
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]]
 
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|ordo = [[Saxifragales]]
 
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|familia = '''Crassulaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire|J.St.-Hil.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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|subdivision = ''many, see text''
 
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|}}
 
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[[Image:Rosularia 05660.jpg|thumb|''[[Rosularia]]'' flower]]
 
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[[Image:Loch 4.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Sempervivum globiferum]]'', [[Hen and chicks]]]]
 
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{{stack end}}
 
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The '''Crassulaceae''', also known as the '''stonecrop family''' or the '''orpine family''', are a family of [[dicotyledon]]s with [[succulent]] leaves. They are generally herbaceous but there are some subshrubs, and relatively few treelike or aquatic plants. They are found worldwide, but mostly occur in the Northern Hemisphere and southern Africa, typically in dry and/or cold areas where water may be scarce. The family includes approximately 1400 species and 34 or 35 genera.,<ref name=tHart1997>{{cite journal |last='t Hart |first=H. |year=1997 |title=Diversity within Mediterranean Crassulaceae |journal=Lagascalia |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=93-100}}</ref><ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> although the number of genera is disputed and depends strongly on the circumscription of ''[[Sedum]]''.
 
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No member of this family is an important [[agriculture|crop]] plant, but many are popular for [[horticulture]]; many members have a bizarre intriguing appearance, and are quite hardy, typically needing only minimal care. Familiar species include the [[jade plant]] or "friendship tree", ''Crassula ovata'', and "[[Kalanchoe blossfeldiana|florists' kalanchoe]]", ''Kalanchoe blossfeldia''.
 
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==Taxonomy==
 
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[[File:Cotyledon orbiculata 3.jpg|thumb|Pig's Ear Flower (''[[Cotyledon orbiculata]]'')]]
 
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Crassulaceae is a monophyletic group within the core eudicots as a primitive member of the Rosidae, and classified in the order [[Saxifragales]].<ref name=APGIII2009/> Some older classifications included Crassulaceae in [[Rosales]], but newer schemes treat them in the order Saxifragales. Classification within the family is difficult because many of the species hybridize readily, both in the wild and in cultivation.
 
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Six subfamilies of Crassulaceae were described by Berger in 1930:<ref>{{cite book |last=Berger |first=A. |year=1930 |chapter=Crassulacaeae |title=[[Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien]] |editor=Engler, Adolf |editorlink=Adolf Engler |editor2=Prantl, Karl Anton |editor2link=Karl Anton Eugen Prantl |volume=18A |pages=352-483 |publisher=Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann |location=Leipzig}}</ref> Crassuloideae, Kalanchiodeae, Cotyledonoideae, Sempervivoideae, Sedoideae, and Echeveroideae. Though various revisions since have proposed four, three, and two subfamilies, many botanists still use Berger's classification,<ref name="Gontcharova, S. B. 2008">{{cite journal |authors=Gontcharova, S. B. and Gontcharov, A. A. |year=2008 |title=Molecular Phylogeny and Systematics of Flowering Plants of the Family Crassulaceae DC. |journal=Molecular Biology |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=794-803 |doi=10.1134/S0026893309050112}}</ref> although some of the subfamilies are polyphyletic.
 
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[[Molecular phylogenetics]] has shown that morphological characters and chromosome numbers are so labile in the family that they cannot be used reliably to infer evolution, even at low taxonomic levels.<ref name="Gontcharova, S. B. 2008"/>
 
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Crassulacean acid metabolism ([[CAM photosynthesis]]) is named after the family, because the pathway was first discovered in crassulacean plants. It is one of the few families that still has CAM as an active, photosynthetic pathway, and is unique in which all its members are known to possess CAM.<ref name=TheideEggli2007>{{cite book |last=Thiede |first=J. |last2=Eggli |first2=a. U. |year=2007 |chapter=Crassulaceae |title=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants |volume=9 |pages=83-118}}</ref>
 
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==Evolution==
 
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Crassulaceae evolved approximately 100–60 million years ago in Eastern Africa or in the Mediterranean region,<ref name=tHart1997 /> though Africa is more widely recognized as the place of origin.<ref name=TheideEggli2007 /> Other sources suggest that Crassulaceae evolved approximately 70 million years ago together with families Penthoraceae and Haloragaceae.<ref name="Gontcharova, S. B. 2008"/> The taxon is considered to have a gradual evolution, whereas there is a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal split]] between [[Crassuloideae]] and the rest of the family. The Crassuloideae lineage migrated into Southern Africa and other genera within [[Sedoideae]] migrated to Europe, Asia, Northern and Central America.<ref name=tHart1997 />
 
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== Genera ==
 
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Genera in the family include:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Crassulaceae/ |publisher=The Plant List |title=Crassulaceae |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>
 
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* ''[[Adromischus]]''
 
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* ''[[Aeonium]]''
 
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* ''[[Aichryson]]''
 
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* ''[[Bryophyllum]]''
 
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* ''[[Cotyledon (genus)|Cotyledon]]''
 
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* ''[[Crassula]]''
 
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* ''[[Diamorpha]]''
 
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* ''[[Dudleya]]''
 
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* ''[[Echeveria]]''
 
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* ''[[Graptopetalum]]''
 
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* ''[[Hylotelephium]]''<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[image:hirtum.jpg|thumb|right|Flowering ''Sempervivum hirta'' subsp. ''hirta'' (syn. ''Jovibarba globiferum'' subsp. ''hirtum'')]] -->
 
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* ''[[Hypagophytum]]''
 
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* ''[[Jovibarba]]''
 
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* ''[[Kalanchoe]]''
 
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* ''[[Lenophyllum]]''
 
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* ''[[Meterostachys]]''
 
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* ''[[Monanthes]]''
 
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* ''[[Orostachys]]''
 
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* ''[[Pachyphytum]]''
 
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* ''[[Perrierosedum]]''
 
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* ''[[Prometheum]]''
 
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* ''[[Pseudosedum]]''
 
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* ''[[Rhodiola]]''
 
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* ''[[Rosularia]]''
 
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* ''[[Sedum]]''
 
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* ''[[Sempervivum]]''
 
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* ''[[Thompsonella]]'' (Mexico)
 
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* ''[[Tylecodon]]''
 
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* ''[[Umbilicus (genus)|Umbilicus]]''
 
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* ''[[Villadia]]''
 
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== References ==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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* {{cite book |editor=Urs Eggli |title=Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Crassulaceae |publisher=Springer |year=2003 |isbn=3-540-41965-9}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{commons category|Crassulaceae}}
 
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*{{wikispecies-inline|Crassulaceae}}
 
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*[http://www.organic-gardenings.com/crassulaceae-succulents/ Crassulaceae], Organic Gardenings
 
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*[http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/crassulaceae_01.htm Crassulaceae], Topwalks
 
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[[Category:Crassulaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Saxifragales families]]
 
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[[Category:Succulent plants]]
 

Latest revision as of 11:45, 19 October 2017

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