Difference between revisions of "Prunus"

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{{redirect|Maddenia|the prehistoric mammal|Maddenia (mammal)}}
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#redirect [[:Category:Prunus]]
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{{redirect|Persica|the history book|Ctesias#Persica}}
 
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{{Taxobox
 
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| image = Frühling blühender Kirschenbaum.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Prunus cerasus]]'' (sour cherry) in bloom
 
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
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| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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| unranked_subclassis = [[Rosids]]
 
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| ordo = [[Rosales]]
 
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| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
 
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| subfamilia = [[Amygdaloideae]]<ref name=Potter>{{cite journal|author1=Potter, D. |author2=Eriksson, T. |author3=Evans, R.C. |author4=Oh, S. |author5=Smedmark, J.E.E. |author6=Morgan, D.R. |author7=Kerr, M. |author8=Robertson, K.R. |author9=Arsenault, M. |author10=Dickinson, T.A. |author11=Campbell, C.S. |year=2007|title=Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|volume=266|issue=1–2|pages=5–43|url=https://rd.springer.com/journal/606/266/1/page/1#page-1|doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9}} <nowiki>[Referring to the subfamily by the name "Spiraeoideae"]</nowiki></ref>
 
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| genus = '''''Prunus'''''
 
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| genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
 
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| subdivision = see text
 
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| synonyms =
 
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*''Amygdalopersica'' <small>[[Daniel]]</small>
 
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*''Amygdalophora'' <small>[[M.Roem.]]</small>
 
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*''Amygdalopsis'' <small>[[M.Roem.]]</small>
 
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*''Amygdalus'' <small>[[L.]]</small><ref name=Potter/>
 
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*''Armeniaca'' <small>[[Scop.]]</small><ref name=Potter/>
 
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*''Cerapadus'' <small>[[Buia]]</small>
 
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*''Ceraseidos'' <small>[[Siebold]] & [[Zucc.]]</small>
 
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*''Cerasus'' <small>[[Mill.]]</small><ref name=Potter/>
 
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*''Emplectocladus'' <small>[[Torr.]]</small>
 
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*''Lauro-cerasus'' <small>[[Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau|Duhamel]]</small>
 
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*''Laurocerasus'' <small>[[M.Roem.]]</small><ref name=Potter/>
 
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*''Maddenia'' <small>[[Hook.f.]] & [[Thomas Thomson (botanist)|Thomson]]</small><ref name=Potter/>
 
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*''Padellus'' <small>[[Vassilcz.]]</small>
 
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*''Padus'' <small>[[Mill.]]</small><ref name=Potter/>
 
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*''Persica'' <small>[[Mill.]]</small>
 
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*''Pygeum'' <small>[[Gaertn.]]</small><ref name=Potter/>
 
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}}
 
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'''''Prunus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s, which includes the [[plum]]s, [[cherry|cherries]], [[peach]]es, [[nectarine]]s, [[apricot]]s and [[almond]]s.
 
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Around 430 species are spread throughout the northern temperate regions of the globe. Many members of the genus are widely cultivated for fruit and ornament. The fruit from this genus are commonly called the '''stone fruit'''.
 
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==Botany==
 
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Members of the genus can be [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen]]. A few species have spiny stems. The leaves are simple, alternate, usually [[leaf shape|lanceolate]], unlobed, and often with [[nectaries]] on the leaf stalk. The [[flower]]s are usually white to pink, sometimes red, with five [[petal]]s and five [[sepal]]s. There are numerous [[stamens]]. Flowers are borne singly, or in [[umbel]]s of two to six or sometimes more on [[raceme]]s. The fruit is a fleshy [[drupe]]  (a "prune") with a single relatively large, hard-coated seed (a "stone").<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Cullen |editor-first=J. |display-editors=etal |date=1995 |title=European Garden Flora |volume=4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521420952}}</ref>
 
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Within the [[rose]] family [[Rosaceae]], it was traditionally placed as a [[subfamily]], the [[Amygdaloideae]] (incorrectly "Prunoideae"), but was sometimes placed in its own family, the [[Prunaceae]] (or Amygdalaceae). More recently, it has become apparent that ''Prunus'' evolved from within a much larger clade now called subfamily [[Amygdaloideae]] (incorrectly "Spiraeoideae").<ref name=Potter/>
 
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===Classification===
 
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====Linnean classification====
 
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In 1737, [[Carl Linnaeus]] used four genera to include the species of modern ''Prunus''—''Amygdalus, Cerasus, Prunus'' and ''Padus''—but simplified it to ''Amygdalus'' and ''Prunus'' in 1758.<ref>{{cite book | author=Linnaeus Carolus; Sprengel, Curtius (editor) | title=Genera Plantarum Editio Nona (Genera plantarum, ninth edition)| year=1830 | location=Gottingen | publisher=Dieterich | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RoAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA403&dq=Linnaeus+1737+Prunus | pages=402-403}}</ref> Since then, the various genera of Linnaeus and others have become subgenera and sections, as it is clearer that all the  species are more closely related. [[Liberty Hyde Bailey]] says: "The numerous forms grade into each other so imperceptibly and inextricably that the genus cannot be readily broken up into species."<ref name=Bailey>{{cite book | last=Bailey | first=Liberty Hyde | authorlink=Liberty Hyde Bailey | title=Sketch of the Evolution of Our Native Fruits | year=1898 | location=New York | publisher=The MacMillan Company | page=181}}</ref>
 
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====Modern classification====
 
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A recent DNA study of 48 species concluded that ''Prunus'' is [[monophyletic]] and is descended from some Eurasian ancestor.<ref name=bor>{{Cite journal
 
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  | last =Bortiri, Esteban
 
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  | title =Phylogeny and Systematics of Prunus (Rosaceae) as Determined by Sequence Analysis of ITS and the Chloroplast trnL-trnF Spacer DNA
 
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  | journal =Systematic Botany
 
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  | volume =26
 
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  | issue =4
 
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  | pages =797–807
 
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  | year =2001
 
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  | postscript =<!--None-->
 
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| jstor=3093861
 
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  | first1 =E.
 
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  | last2 =Oh
 
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  | first2 =S. H.
 
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  | last3 =Jiang
 
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  | first3 =J.
 
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  | last4 =Baggett
 
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  | first4 =S.
 
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  | last5 =Granger
 
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  | first5 =A.
 
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  | last6 =Weeks
 
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  | first6 =C.
 
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  | last7 =Buckingham
 
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  | first7 =M.
 
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  | last8 =Potter
 
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  | first8 =D.
 
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  | last9 =Parfitt
 
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  | first9 =D. E.
 
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|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
 
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Historical treatments break the genus into several different genera, but this segregation is not currently widely recognised other than at the subgeneric rank. [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]] recognises just the single genus ''Prunus'', with an open list of [[species]],{{efn|Do a search in the ITIS database on the scientific name ''Prunus'' for its current list.}} all of which are shown below, under "[[#Species|Species]]".{{efn|Other established species appear as well, which for whatever reasons are not yet in ITIS.}}
 
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One standard modern treatment of the subgenera derives from the work of [[Alfred Rehder]] in 1940. Rehder hypothesized five subgenera: ''Amygdalus, Prunus, Cerasus, Padus'' and ''Laurocerasus''.<ref name=leewen>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2657135|first=Sangtae |last=Lee|first2=Jun |last2=Wen|title=A phylogenetic analysis of Prunus and the Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) using ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA|journal=American Journal of Botany|year=2001|volume=88|pages=150–160|url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/1/150?ck=nck#T1|pmid=11159135|issue=1|jstor=2657135}}</ref> To them C. Ingram added ''Lithocerasus''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |chapter=Stone Fruits |first=William |last=Okie |title=Encyclopedia of Fruits and Nuts |date=July 2003 |editor1-last=Janick |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Paulii |editor2-first=R.E. |publisher=C A B Intl |publication-date=2008}}</ref> The six subgenera are described as follows:
 
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*'''''Prunus'' subgenera:'''
 
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**Subgenus ''Amygdalus'', [[almond]]s and [[peach]]es: axillary buds in threes (vegetative bud central, two flower buds to sides); flowers in early spring, sessile or nearly so, not on leafed shoots; fruit with a groove along one side; stone deeply grooved; type species: ''[[Prunus dulcis]]'' (almond).
 
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**Subgenus ''Prunus'', [[plum]]s and [[apricot]]s: axillary buds solitary; flowers in early spring stalked, not on leafed shoots; fruit with a groove along one side, stone rough; type species: ''[[Prunus domestica]]'' (plum)
 
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**Subgenus ''Cerasus'', [[cherry|cherries]]: axillary buds single; flowers in early spring in corymbs, long-stalked, not on leafed shoots; fruit not grooved, stone smooth; type species: ''[[Prunus cerasus]]'' (sour cherry)
 
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**Subgenus ''Lithocerasus'': axillary buds in threes; flowers in early spring in corymbs, long-stalked, not on leafed shoots; fruit not grooved, stone smooth; type species: ''[[Prunus pumila]]'' (sand cherry)
 
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**Subgenus ''Padus'', [[Prunus subg. Padus|bird cherries]]: axillary buds single; flowers in late spring in racemes on leafy shoots, short-stalked; fruit not grooved, stone smooth; type species: ''[[Prunus padus]]'' (European bird cherry)
 
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**Subgenus ''Laurocerasus'', [[cherry-laurel]]s: mostly [[evergreen]] (all the other subgenera are [[deciduous]]); axillary buds single; flowers in early spring in racemes, not on leafed shoots, short-stalked; fruit not grooved, stone smooth; type species: ''[[Prunus laurocerasus]]'' (European cherry-laurel)
 
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Another recent DNA study<ref name="leewen" /> found that there are two [[clade]]s: ''Prunus''-''Maddenia'', with ''Maddenia'' basal within ''Prunus'', and ''[[Exochorda]]''-''[[Oemleria]]''-''[[Prinsepia]]'', but further refinement<ref name=Potter/> shows that ''Exochorda''-''Oemleria''-''Prinsepia'' is somewhat separate from ''Prunus''-''Maddenia''-''Pygeum'', and that, like the traditional subfamily [[Maloideae]] with apple-like fruits, all of these genera appear to be best considered within the expanded subfamily [[Amygdaloideae]]. ''Prunus'' can be divided into two clades: ''Amygdalus''-''Prunus'' and ''Cerasus''-''Laurocerasus''-''Padus''. Yet another study adds ''Emplectocladus'' as a subgenus to the former.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bortiri | first=Esteban |author2=Oh, Sang-Hun |author3=Gao, Fang-You |author4= Potter, Dan  | title=The phylogenetic utility of nucleotide sequences of sorbitol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in ''Prunus'' (Rosaceae) | journal=American Journal of Botany | volume=89 | issue=11 | pages=1697–1708 | year=2002 | url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/89/10/1697.pdf | doi=10.3732/ajb.89.10.1697 |format=PDF | pmid=21665596}} The specification is ''Emplectocladus'' (Torr.) Sargent</ref>
 
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==Cultivation==
 
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The genus ''Prunus'' includes the [[almond]], [[apricot]], [[cherry]], [[peach]] and [[plum]], all of which have [[cultivar]]s developed for commercial [[fruit]] and nut production. Many other species are occasionally cultivated or used for their seed and fruit.
 
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The edible part of the almond is the seed; the almond fruit is a [[drupe]], not a true [[Nut (fruit)|nut]].
 
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A number of species, [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]], and [[cultivar]]s are also grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, usually for their profusion of flowers, sometimes for ornamental foliage and shape, and occasionally for their [[bark]].
 
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The [[Tree of 40 Fruit]] has forty varieties grafted on to one rootstock.<ref name="NPR">{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/08/03/337164041/the-gift-of-graft-new-york-artists-tree-to-grow-40-kinds-of-fruit|title=The Gift Of Graft: New York Artist's Tree To Grow 40 Kinds Of Fruit|date=3 August 2014|work=[[NPR]]|accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="ScienceAlert">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencealert.com/news/20142107-25892.html|title=This tree produces 40 different types of fruit|date=21 July 2014|work=ScienceAlert|accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref>
 
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Species such as blackthorn (''[[Prunus spinosa]]''), are grown for hedging, game cover, and other utilitarian purposes.
 
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Because of their considerable value as both food and ornamental plants, many ''Prunus'' species have been [[introduced species|introduced]] to parts of the world to which they are not native, some becoming naturalised.
 
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===Flowering cherries===
 
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[[Image:Japanese-Cherry.web.jpg|thumb|right|Japanese cherry (''Prunus serrulata'') in bloom]]
 
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Ornamentals include the group that may be collectively called "[[Cherry blossom|flowering cherries]]" (including ''sakura'', the Japanese flowering cherries).
 
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The following hybrid cultivars have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]. All are described as flowering cherries, and are valued for their spring blossom.
 
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{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
 
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*'Accolade'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Prunus'' 'Accolade'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1530|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref>
 
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*'Amanogawa'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Prunus'' 'Amanogawa'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5318|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref>
 
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*'Ichiyo'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Prunus'' 'Ichyo'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5515|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref>
 
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*[[Prunus 'Kanzan'|'Kanzan']]<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Prunus'' 'Kanzan'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1539|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref>
 
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*'Pandora'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Prunus'' 'Pandora'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1547|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref>
 
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*'Pink Perfection'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Prunus'' 'Pink Perfection'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1549|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref>
 
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*'Shirofugen'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Prunus'' 'Shirofugen'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1552|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref>
 
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*'Shirotae'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Prunus'' 'Shirotae'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1553|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref>
 
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*'Shogetsu'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Prunus'' 'Shogetsu'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1554|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref>
 
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*'Spire'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Prunus'' 'Spire'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1556|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref>
 
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*'Ukon'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Prunus'' 'Ukon'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1559|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref>
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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==Other uses==
 
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The wood of some species (notably [[Prunus serotina|black cherry]]) is prized as a [[furniture]] and [[cabinetry]] [[timber]], especially in North America.
 
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Many species produce an aromatic [[resin]] from wounds in the trunk; this is sometimes used medicinally. Other minor uses include dye production.
 
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[[Pygeum (herbal remedy)|Pygeum]], a herbal remedy containing extracts from the bark of ''[[Prunus africana]]'', is used as to alleviate some of the discomfort caused by inflammation in patients suffering from [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]].
 
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''Prunus'' species are food plants for the [[larva]]e of a large number of [[Lepidoptera]] species ([[butterflies]] and [[moth]]s); see [[List of Lepidoptera which feed on Prunus|List of Lepidoptera which feed on ''Prunus'']].
 
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''Prunus sp.'' is included in the [[Tasmania]]n Fire Service's list of low [[flammability]] plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chladil and Sheridan|first1=Mark and Jennifer|title=Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas|url=http://www.fire.tas.gov.au/publications/1709%20Brochure.pdf|website=www.fire.tas.gov.au|publisher=Tasmanian Fire Research Fund}}</ref>
 
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==Toxicity==
 
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Many species are [[cyanogenic]]; that is, they contain compounds called cyanogenic [[glucoside]]s, notably [[amygdalin]], which, on [[hydrolysis]], yield [[hydrogen cyanide]].<ref>{{Cite book|first=E. Frankland|last=Armstrong|contribution=Glucosides|edition=Fourth|editor-first=W.A.|editor-last=Davis|editor2-first=Samuel S.|editor2-last=Sadtler|title=Allen's Commercial Organic Analysis, etc.|location=Philadelphia|publisher=P. Blakiston's Son & Co.|year=1913|page=102|quote=Amygdalin ... is found in bitter almonds and in the kernels of peaches, cherries, plums, apples, etc. It is hydrolysed by emulsin to hydrogen cyanide, usually in their leaves and seeds|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Although the fruits of some may be edible by humans and livestock (in addition to the ubiquitous fructivory of birds), seeds, leaves and other parts may be toxic, some highly so.<ref>{{cite book|title=Genetic and evolutionary diversity: the sport of nature|first=Laurence Martin |last=Cook|first2=Robert S. |last2=Callow|page=135|location=Cheltenham|publisher=Stanley Thornes|edition=2nd|year=1999}}</ref> The plants contain no more than trace amounts of hydrogen cyanide, but on decomposition after crushing and exposure to air or on digestion, poisonous amounts may be generated. The trace amounts may give a characteristic taste ("bitter almond") with increasing bitterness in larger quantities, less tolerable to people than to birds, which habitually feed on specific fruits.
 
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==Pests and diseases==
 
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[[File:Gummosis on an ornamental cherry.JPG|thumb|right|Cherries are prone to gummosis.]]
 
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Various ''Prunus'' species are winter hosts of the Damson-hop aphid, ''[[Phorodon humuli]]'', which is destructive to hops ''[[Humulus lupulus]]'' just at the time of their maturity,<ref>{{cite web|author1=Rothamstead Insect Survey |author2=Rothamstead Research |date=n.d.|title=Damson-hop aphid, ''Phorodon humuli''|url=http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/insect-survey/STPhorodon_humuli.php}}</ref> so it is recommended that plum trees not be grown in the vicinity of hop fields.
 
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{{anchor|Corking}}'''Corking''' is the drying or withering of fruit tissue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://extension.wsu.edu/benton-franklin/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/12/NutrientDisordersInTF-pnw0121e.pdf |title=Nutrient Disorders in Tree Fruits |publisher=Pacific Northwest Extension Publications |first1=Nels R. |last1=Benson |first2=C.G. |last2=Woodbridge |first3=Richard D. |last3=Bartram |date=1994 |accessdate=9 September 2017}}</ref> In stone fruit, it is often caused by a lack of [[boron]] and/or [[calcium]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cetulare.ucanr.edu/files/77369.pdf |title=Peach and Nectarine Cork Spot:A Review of the 1998 Season |publisher=University of California, Davis |website=University of California Cooperative Extension - Tulare County |author=Day, Kevin |date=1999-01-27 |accessdate=9 September 2017}}</ref>
 
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'''[[Gummosis]]''' is a nonspecific condition of stone fruits (peach, nectarine, plum and cherry) in which gum is exuded and deposited on the bark of trees. Gum is produced in response to any type of wound: insects, mechanical injury or disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plantpathology.ca.uky.edu/files/ppfs-fr-t-08.pdf |title=Gummosis and Perennial Canker of Stone Fruits |last1=Hartman |first1=John |last2=Bachi |first2=Paul |publisher=University of Kentucky |date=November 2005 |website=University of Kentucky - Plant Pathology |accessdate=9 September 2017}}</ref>
 
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==Species==
 
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The lists below are incomplete, but include most of the better-known species.
 
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===Eastern Hemisphere===
 
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{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
 
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*''[[Prunus africana]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus apetala]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus arborea]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus armeniaca]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus avium]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus bifrons]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus brigantina]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus buergeriana]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus campanulata]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus canescens]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus cerasifera]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus cerasoides]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus cerasus]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus ceylanica]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus cocomilia]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus cornuta]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus crassifolia]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus davidiana]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus darvasica]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus domestica]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus dulcis]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus fruticosa]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus geniculata]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus glandulosa]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus grayana]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus incana]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus incisa]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus jacquemontii]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus japonica]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus korshinskyi]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus kotschyi]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus laurocerasus]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus laxinervis]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus lusitanica]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus maackii]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus mahaleb]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus mandshurica]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus maximowiczii]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus mume]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus murrayana]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus myrtifolia]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus nipponica]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus occidentalis]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus padus]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus persica]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus pleuradenia]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus pseudocerasus]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus prostrata]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus salicina]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus sargentii]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus scoparia]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus serrula]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus serrulata]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus sibirica]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus simonii]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus sogdiana]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus speciosa]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus spinosa]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus spinulosa]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus ssiori]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus subhirtella]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus tenella]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus tomentosa]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus triloba]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus turneriana]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus ursina]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus vachuschtii]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus verecunda]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus × yedoensis]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus zippeliana]]''
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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===Western Hemisphere===
 
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{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
 
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*''[[Prunus alabamensis]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus alleghaniensis]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus americana]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus andersonii]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus angustifolia]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus buxifolia]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus caroliniana]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus cortapico ]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus cuthbertii]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus emarginata]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus eremophila]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus fasciculata]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus fremontii]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus geniculata]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus gentryi]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus gracilis]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus havardii]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus hortulana]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus huantensis]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus ilicifolia]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus integrifolia]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus maritima]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus mexicana]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus minutiflora]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus murrayana]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus munsoniana]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus myrtifolia]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus nigra]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus pensylvanica]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus pumila]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus rigida]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus rivularis]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus serotina]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus sphaerocarpa]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus subcordata]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus subcorymbosa]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus texana]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus umbellata]]''
 
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*''[[Prunus virginiana]]''
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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==Palaeobotanical models==
 
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[[Image:Nectarine Fruit Development.jpg|right|thumb|The development sequence of a [[Peach#Nectarines|nectarine]] (''Prunus persica'') over a 7.5 month period, from bud formation in early winter to fruit ripening in midsummer]]
 
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The earliest known fossil ''Prunus'' specimens are wood, drupe and seed and a leaf from the middle [[Eocene]] of the Princeton Chert of [[British Columbia]].<ref name=stockeywehr>{{Cite encyclopedia | first=Ruth A. | last=Stockey | last2=Wehr | first2=Wesley C. | editor-last=Ludvigson | editor-first=Rolf | contribution=Flowering Plants in and around Eocene Lakes of the Interior | title=Life in Stone: a Natural History of British Columbia's Fossils | pages=234,241,245 | year=1996 | place=Vancouver | publisher=UBCPress | isbn=0-7748-0578-1 | postscript=<!--None--> }}</ref> Using the known age as calibration data, recent research by Oh and Potter<ref>{{cite journal | last=Oh | first=Sang-Hun |author2=Potter, Daniel | title=Molecular phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of tribe Neillieae (Rosaceae) using DNA sequences of cpDNA, rDNA, and LEAFY1 | journal=American Journal of Botany | volume=92 | pages=179–192 | year=2005 | url =http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/92/1/179| doi=10.3732/ajb.92.1.179 | issue=1 | pmid=21652396}}</ref> reconstructs a partial [[phylogeny]] of some Rosaceae from a number of [[nucleotide sequence]]s. According to this study, ''Prunus'' and its "sister clade" [[Maloideae]] (apple subfamily) diverged at 44.3 mya (or 43 million years ago, well before most of the [[primate]]s existed). This date is within the [[Lutetian]], or older middle [[Eocene]].{{efn|A date of 76 mya is given for Rosaceae, which is within the late [[Cretaceous]].}} Stockey and Wehr report: "The Eocene was a time of rapid evolution and diversification in [[Angiosperm]] families such as the [[Rosaceae]] ...."<ref name=stockeywehr/>
 
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The Princeton finds are among a large number of angiosperm fossils from the [[Okanagan Highlands]] dating to the late early and middle Eocene. ''[[Crataegus]]'' is found at three locations: Mcabee Falls, Idaho; [[Republic, Washington]] and [[Princeton, British Columbia]], while ''Prunus'' is found at those locations and [[Quilchena|Quilchena, British Columbia]] and Chu Chua, British Columbia. A recent recapitulation of research on the topic<ref name=Dillhoff>{{Cite journal | last=Dillhoff | first=Richard M |author2=Leopold, Estella B. |author3=Manchester, Steven R.  | title=The McAbee flora of British Columbia and its relation to the Early-Middle Eocene Okanagan Highlands flora of the Pacific Northwest | journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume=42  | issue=2 |date=February 2005 | url=http://www.evolvingearth.org/learnearthscience/mcabeefeb2005cjes.pdf | doi=10.1139/e04-084  |format=PDF | pages=151-166}}</ref> reported that the Rosaceae were more diverse at higher altitudes. The Okanagan formations date to as early as 52 mya, but the 44.3 mya date, which is approximate, depending on assumptions, might still apply. The authors state: "... the McAbee flora records a diverse early middle Eocene angiosperm-dominated forest."<ref name=Dillhoff/>{{rp|165}}
 
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==Etymology==
 
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The [[Online Etymology Dictionary]] presents the customary derivations of plum<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=plum|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=plum|encyclopedia=Online Etymological Dictionary}}</ref> and prune<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=prune|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=prune|encyclopedia=Online Etymological Dictionary}}</ref> from Latin ''prūnum'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=prūnum|url=http://artfl.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.6:1:2066.latinsmall|encyclopedia=Lewis's Elementary Latin Dictionary|publisher=Perseus Digital Library|year=1890}}</ref> the plum fruit. The tree is ''prūnus'';<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=prūnus|url=http://artfl.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.6:1:2067.latinsmall |encyclopedia=Lewis's Elementary Latin Dictionary|publisher=Perseus Digital Library|year=1890}}</ref> and [[Natural History (Pliny)|Pliny]] uses ''prūnus silvestris'' to mean the [[blackthorn]]. The word is not native Latin, but is a loan from Greek προῦνον (''prounon''), which is a variant of προῦμνον (''proumnon''),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=προῦμνον|url=http://artfl.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.59:3:144.lsj|encyclopedia=Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon|publisher=Perseus Digital Library}}</ref> origin unknown. The tree is προύμνη (''proumnē'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=προύμνη|url=http://artfl.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.59:3:143.lsj|encyclopedia=Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon|publisher=Perseus Digital Library}}</ref> Most dictionaries follow Hoffman, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Griechischen'', in making some form of the word a loan from a pre-Greek language of [[Asia Minor]], related to [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]].
 
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The first use of ''Prunus'' as a genus name was by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in ''Hortus Cliffortianus'' of 1737, which went on to become ''[[Species Plantarum]]''. In that work,{{dubious|reason=doesn't seem to be there, see http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13838#page/241/mode/1up|date=May 2013}} Linnaeus attributes the word to "Varr.", who it is assumed must be [[Marcus Terentius Varro]].
 
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==Notes==
 
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{{notelist}}
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist|38em}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{Wikispecies|Prunus}}
 
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{{Commons|Prunus}}
 
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* {{Cite web|title=GRIN Species Records of ''Prunus''|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?9887|publisher=[[USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program. [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory|location=Beltsville, Maryland|accessdate=13 November 2009}}
 
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* {{Cite web|title=Our Cherries Collection&nbsp;— ''Prunus''|url=http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantcollection.asp?code=4|date=2001–2009|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden: Kemper Center for Home Gardening|accessdate=13 November 2009}}
 
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* [http://www.treeof40fruit.com/ Tree of 40 fruit website]
 
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{{hybrid prunus}}
 
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Prunus| ]]
 

Latest revision as of 13:38, 28 October 2017

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