Difference between revisions of "Urticaceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Urticaceae]]
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|name = Nettle family
 
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|image = Urtica-dioica(Blueten).jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''[[Urtica dioica]]'' (stinging nettle)
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Rosales]]
 
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|familia = '''Urticaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]], 1789
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
 
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|synonyms = Cecropiaceae <small>C. C. Berg</small><ref name="GRIN">{{cite web
 
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| url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?1165
 
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| title = Family: ''Urticaceae''  Juss., nom. cons.
 
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| accessdate = 2008-04-24
 
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| author = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
 
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| authorlink = Germplasm Resources Information Network
 
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| date = 2003-01-17
 
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| work = Taxonomy for Plants
 
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| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
 
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}}</ref>
 
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}}
 
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The '''Urticaceae''' {{IPAc-en|ɜːr|t|ᵻ|ˈ|k|eɪ|s|iː}} are a [[family (biology)|family]], the nettle family,  of [[flowering plant]]s. The family name comes from the genus ''[[Urtica]]''. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including nettles in the genus ''Urtica'', [[ramie]] (''Boehmeria nivea''), māmaki (''[[Pipturus albidus]]''), and ajlai (''[[Debregeasia saeneb]]'').
 
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The family includes about 2625 species, grouped into 53 genera according to the database of the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] and Christenhusz and Byng (2016).<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal | author = Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> The largest genera are ''[[Pilea]]'' (500 to 715 species), ''[[Elatostema]]'' (300 species), ''[[Urtica]]'' (80 species), and ''[[Cecropia]]'' (75 species). ''[[Cecropia]]'' contains many [[myrmecophytes]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Chomicki G, Renner SS. | year = 2015 | title = Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics | journal = [[New Phytologist|New Phytol]] | volume = 207 | issue = 2 | pages = 411–424 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13271/abstract | doi = 10.1111/nph.13271 | pmid = 25616013}}</ref>
 
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Urticaceae species can be found worldwide, apart from the polar regions.
 
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==Description==
 
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Urticaceae species can be shrubs (e.g. ''[[Pilea]]''), lianas, herbs (e.g. ''[[Urtica]]'', ''[[Parietaria]]''), or, rarely, trees (''[[Dendrocnide]]'', ''[[Cecropia]]'').  Their [[leaves]] are usually entire and bear [[stipule]]s. Urticating (stinging) hairs are often present. They have usually unisexual flowers and can be both [[plant sexuality|monoecious]] or [[plant sexuality|dioecious]]. They are [[anemophily|wind-pollinated]]. Most disperse their [[pollen]] when the [[stamen]]s are mature and their filaments straighten explosively, a peculiar and conspicuously specialised mechanism.
 
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==Taxonomy==
 
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[[Image:Urtica flowerdiagram.png|thumb|Male and female flower of ''Urtica'']]
 
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The [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG II system]] puts the Urticaceae in the order Rosales, while older systems consider them part of the [[Urticales]], along with [[Ulmaceae]], [[Moraceae]], and [[Cannabaceae]]. APG still considers "old" Urticales a monophyletic group, but does not recognise it as an order on its own.
 
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===Phylogeny===
 
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Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggest the following relationships<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wu Z-Y, Monro AK, Milne RI, Wang H, Liu J, Li D-Z. | year = 2013 | title = Molecular phylogeny of the nettle family (Urticaceae) inferred from multiple loci of three genomes and extensive generic sampling | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol Phyl Evol]] | volume = 69 | issue = 3 | pages = 814–827 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790313002625 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.022 | pmid = 23850510}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Wu Z-Y, Milne RI, Chen C-J, Liu J, Wang H, Li D-Z. | year = 2015 | title = Ancestral state reconstruction reveals rampant homoplasy of diagnostic morphological characters in Urticaceae, conflicting with current classification schemes | journal = [[PLoS ONE]] | volume = 10 | issue = 11 | pages = e0141821 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0141821 | url = http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0141821}}</ref> (see also <ref>{{cite journal | author = Sytsma KJ, Morawetz J, Pires JC, Morden CW. | year = 2000 | title = Phylogeny of the Urticales based on three molecular data sets, with emphasis on relationships within Urticaceae | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 87 | issue = 6 | pages = 162 | url = http://2000.botanyconference.org/section13/abstracts/232.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Sytsma KJ, Morawetz J, Pires C, Nepokroeff M, Conti E, Zjhra M, Hall JC, Chase MW. | year = 2002 | title = Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on ''rbcL'', ''trnL''–''F'', and ''ndhF'' sequences | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 89 | issue = 89 | pages = 1531–1546 | url = http://www.bricol.net/research/CICphylog/CICfinalSTUFF/Urtical-rosids.pdf | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531 | pmid = 21665755}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Hadiah JT, Quinn CJ, Conn BJ. | year = 2003 | title = Phylogeny of ''Elatostema'' (Urticaceae) using chloroplast DNA data | journal = [[Telopea (journal)|Telopea]] | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 235–246 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barry_Conn/publication/277933656_Phylogeny_of_Elatostema_Urticaceae_using_chloroplast_DNA_data/links/56412cd108ae24cd3e4104f3.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Datwyler SL, Weiblen G. | year = 2004 | title = On the origin of the fig: Phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from ''ndhF'' sequences | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 91 | issue = 5 | pages = 767–777 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/5/767.abstract | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.5.767 | pmid = 21653431}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Zerega NJC, Clement WL, Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD. | year = 2005 | title = Biogeography and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae) | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol Phyl Evol]] | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 402–416 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790305002228 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004 | pmid = 16112884}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Monro AK. | year = 2006 | title = The revision of species-rich genera: A phylogenetic framework for the strategic revision of ''Pilea'' (Urticaceae) based on cpDNA, nrDNA, and morphology | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 93 | issue = 3 | pages = 426–441 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/93/3/426.abstract | doi = 10.3732/ajb.93.3.426 | pmid = 21646202}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Hadiah JT, Conn BJ, Quinn CJ | year = 2008 | title = Infra-familial phylogeny of Urticaceae, using chloroplast sequence data | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 375–385 | url = http://www.publish.csiro.au/SB/SB08041 | doi = 10.1071/SB08041}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Conn BJ, Hadiah JT | year = 2009 | title = Nomenclature of tribes within the Urticaceae | journal = [[Kew Bulletin|Kew Bull]] | volume = 64 | issue = 2 | pages = 349–352 | url = http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12225-009-9108-4 | doi = 10.1007/s12225-009-9108-4 | jstor = 20649663}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Kim C, Deng T, Chase M, Zhang D-G, Nie Z-L, Sun H. | year = 2015 | title = Generic phylogeny and character evolution in Urticeae (Urticaceae) inferred from nuclear and plastid DNA regions | journal = [[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–78 | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2015/00000064/00000001/art00007 | doi = 10.12705/641.20}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Treiber EL, Gaglioti EL, Romaniuc-Neto S, Madriñán S, Weiblen GD. | year = 2016 | title = Phylogeny of the Cecropieae (Urticaceae) and the evolution of an ant–plant mutualism | journal = [[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 56–66 | url = http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1600/036364416X690633 | doi = 10.1600/036364416X690633}}</ref>):
 
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{{hidden begin|showhide=left}}
 
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{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1=[[Moraceae]]&nbsp;([[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]])
 
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  |label2=Urticaceae
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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    |1={{clade
 
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      |label1=[[Urticeae]]
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Laportea]]''
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Obetia]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Urera]] pro parte''
 
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              }}
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Touchardia]]''
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                |1=''Urera [[pro parte]]''
 
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                |2=''[[Poikilospermum]]''
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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          |1={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Girardinia]]''
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Dendrocnide]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Discocnide]]''
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Nanocnide]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Urtica]]''&nbsp;(including&nbsp;''[[Hesperocnide]]'')
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        }}
 
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      |label2=[[Elatostemateae]]
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Procris (genus)|Procris]]''
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Pellionia]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Elatostema]]''
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Myriocarpa]]''&nbsp;+&nbsp;''[[Gyrotaenia]]''
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Lecanthus]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Pilea]]''&nbsp;(including&nbsp;''[[Sarcopilea]]'')
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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    |2={{clade
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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        |label1=[[Cecropieae]]
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Coussapoa]]''
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Myrianthus]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Cecropia]]''
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Leucosyke]]''
 
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          |2=''[[Maoutia]]''
 
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          }}
 
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        }}
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |label1=[[Boehmerieae]]
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Oreocnide]]''
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Phenax]]''
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1={{clade
 
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                |1=''[[Chamabainia]]''
 
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                |2={{clade
 
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                  |1={{clade
 
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                    |1=''[[Gonostegia]]''
 
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                    |2={{clade
 
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                      |1=''[[Pouzolzia]] pro parte''
 
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                      |2={{clade
 
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                        |1=''[[Neodistemon]]''
 
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                        |2={{clade
 
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                          |1=''[[Rousselia]]''
 
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                          |2=''[[Hemistylus]]''
 
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                  |2={{clade
 
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                    |1=''Pouzolzia [[pro parte]]''
 
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                    |2={{clade
 
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                      |1=''[[Neraudia]]''
 
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                      |2=''[[Pipturus]]''&nbsp;(including&nbsp;''[[Nothocnide]]'')
 
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                      }}
 
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                  }}
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                |1=''[[Boehmeria]] pro parte''
 
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                |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Debregeasia]]''
 
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                  |2={{clade
 
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                    |1=''[[Astrothalamus]]''
 
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                    |2={{clade
 
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                      |1=''[[Archiboehmeria]]''
 
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                      |2={{clade
 
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                        |1=''Boehmeria [[pro parte]]''
 
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                        |2=''[[Sarcochlamys]]''
 
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                        }}
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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          |label1=[[Forsskaoleeae]]
 
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          |1={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Forsskaolea]]''
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Didymodoxa]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Droguetia]]''&nbsp;(including&nbsp;''[[Australina]]'')
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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          |label2=[[Parietarieae]]
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Parietaria]]''
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Soleirolia]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Gesnouinia]]''
 
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              }}
 
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}}
 
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{{hidden end}}
 
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===Tribes and Genera===
 
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{{div col|colwidth=350px}}
 
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*[[Boehmerieae]] <small>Gaudich. 1830</small>
 
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**''[[Archiboehmeria]]'' <small>C.J. Chen 1980</small> (1 sp.)
 
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**''[[Astrothalamus]]'' <small>C.B. Rob. 1911</small> (1 sp.)
 
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**''[[Boehmeria]]'' <small>Jacq. 1760</small> (80 spp.)
 
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**''[[Chamabainia]]'' <small>Wight 1853</small> (1–2 spp.)
 
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**''[[Cypholophus]]'' <small>Wedd. 1854</small> (15 spp.)
 
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**''[[Debregeasia]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1844</small> (4 spp.)
 
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**''[[Gibbsia (plant)|Gibbsia]]'' <small>Rendle 1917</small> (2 spp.)
 
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**''[[Gonostegia]]'' <small>Turcz. 1846</small> (5 spp.)
 
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**''[[Hemistylus]]'' <small>Benth. 1843</small> (4 spp.)
 
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**''[[Neodistemon]]'' <small>Babu & A. N. Henry 1970</small> (1 sp.)
 
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**''[[Neraudia]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1830</small> (5 spp.)
 
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**''[[Nothocnide]]'' <small>Blume 1856</small> (4 spp.)
 
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**''[[Oreocnide]]'' <small>Miq. 1851</small> (15 spp.)
 
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**''[[Phenax]]'' <small>Wedd. 1854</small> (12 spp.)
 
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<!-- Piptuirus is a misspelling of Pipturus. -->
 
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**''[[Pipturus]]'' <small>Wedd. 1854</small> (30 spp.)
 
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**''[[Pouzolzia]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1826 [1830]</small> (70 spp.)
 
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**''[[Rousselia]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1826 [1830]</small> (3 spp.)
 
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**''[[Sarcochlamys]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1844</small> (1 sp.)
 
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*[[Cecropieae]] <small>Gaudich. 1830</small>
 
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**''[[Cecropia]]'' <small>Loefl. 1758</small> (70–80 spp.)
 
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**''[[Coussapoa]]'' <small>Aubl. 1775</small> (>50 spp.)
 
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**''[[Leucosyke]]'' <small>Zoll. & Moritzi 1845</small> (35 spp.)<!-- Micronesica40:169. -->
 
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**''[[Maoutia]]'' <small>Wedd. 1854</small> (15 spp.)
 
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**''[[Musanga]]'' <small>R. Br. in Tuckey 1818</small> (2 spp.)
 
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**''[[Myrianthus]]'' <small>P. Beauv. 1804 [1805]</small> (7 spp.)
 
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**''[[Pourouma]]'' <small>Aubl. 1775</small> (>50 spp.)
 
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*[[Elatostemateae]] <small>Gaudich. 1830</small> <!-- =Lecantheae Wedd. 1854; =Procrideae Wedd. 1856-->
 
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**''[[Aboriella]]'' <small>Bennet</small> (1 sp.)<!-- Aboriella is a synonym of Pilea. -->
 
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**''[[Achudemia]]'' <small>Blume 1856</small> <!-- Achudemia is a synonym of Pilea. -->
 
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<!-- Dubrueilia Gaudich. 1826 [1830] is a synonym of Pilea. -->
 
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**''[[Elatostema]]'' <small>J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. 1775</small> (300 spp.)<!-- Micronesica40:169. -->
 
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**''[[Gyrotaenia]]'' <small>Griseb. 1861</small> (4 spp.)
 
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<!-- Langeveldia Gaudich. 1830 is a synonym of Procris. -->
 
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**''[[Lecanthus]]'' <small>Wedd. 1854</small> (1 sp.)
 
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**''[[Meniscogyne]]'' <small>Gagnep. 1928</small> (2 spp.)
 
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**''[[Myriocarpa]]'' <small>Benth. 1844 [1846]</small> (18 spp.)
 
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**''[[Pellionia]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1826</small> (60 spp.)<!-- Pellionia is a synonym of Procris. -->
 
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**''[[Petelotiella]]'' <small>Gagnep. in Lecomte 1929</small> (1 spp.)
 
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**''[[Pilea]]'' <small>Lindl. 1821</small> (250 spp.)
 
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**''[[Procris (genus)|Procris]]'' <small>Comm. ex Juss. 1789</small> (20 spp.)
 
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**''[[Sarcopilea]]'' <small>Urb. 1912</small> (1 sp.)
 
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<!-- Sciophila Gaudich. 1830 is a synonym of Procris. -->
 
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*[[Forsskaoleeae]] <small>Gaudich. 1830</small>
 
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**''[[Australina]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1830</small> (2 spp.)
 
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**''[[Didymodoxa]]'' <small>E. Mey. ex Wedd. 1857</small> (2 spp.)
 
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**''[[Droguetia]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1830</small> (7 spp.)
 
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**''[[Forsskaolea]]'' <small>L. 1764</small> (6 spp.)
 
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*[[Parietarieae]] <small>Gaudich. 1830</small>
 
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<!-- Freirea is a synonym of Parietaria. -->
 
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**''[[Gesnouinia]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1830</small> (2 spp.)
 
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**''[[Parietaria]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> (20 spp.)
 
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**''[[Soleirolia]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1830</small> (1 sp.)
 
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<!-- Thaumuria is a synonym of Parietaria. -->
 
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*[[Urticeae]] <small>Lamarck & DC. 1806</small> <!-- =Urereae Gaudich. 1830 -->
 
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**''[[Dendrocnide]]'' <small>Miq. 1851</small> (27 spp.)
 
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**''[[Discocnide]]'' <small>Chew 1965</small> (1 sp.)
 
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<!-- Fleurya Gaudich. 1826 is a synonym of Laportea. -->
 
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**''[[Girardinia]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1830</small> (2 spp.)
 
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**''[[Hesperocnide]]'' <small>Torr. 1857</small> (2 spp.)
 
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**''[[Laportea]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1826 [1830]</small> (21 spp.)
 
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**''[[Nanocnide]]'' <small>Blume 1856</small> (2 spp.)
 
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**''[[Obetia]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1844</small> (7 spp.)
 
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**''[[Poikilospermum]]'' <small>Zipp. ex Miq. 1864</small> (20 spp.)
 
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**''[[Touchardia]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1847</small> (1–2 spp.)
 
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**''[[Urera]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1826 [1830]</small> (35 spp.)
 
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**''[[Urtica]]'' <small>L. 1753</small>—nettle (80 spp.)
 
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**''[[Zhengyia]]'' <small>T. Deng, D.G. Zhang & H. Sun 2013</small> (1 sp.)<ref>{{cite journal | authors = Deng Tao, Kim C, Zhang D-G, Zhang J-W, Li Z-M, Nie Z-L, Sun H. | year = 2013 | title = ''Zhengyia shennongensis'': A new bulbiliferous genus and species of the nettle family (Urticaceae) from central China exhibiting parallel evolution of the bulbil trait | journal = [[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | volume = 62 | issue = 1 | pages = 89–99 | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/iapt/tax/2013/00000062/00000001/art00008 | jstor = 24389315}}</ref>
 
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*''[[Incertae Sedis]]''
 
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**''[[Metatrophis]]'' <small>F. Br. 1935</small> (1 sp.)
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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==Diseases==
 
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The Urticaceae are subject to many bacterial, viral, fungal, and nematode parasitic diseases. Among them are:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Common Names of Plant Diseases: Diseases of Foliage Plants (House Plants): Urticaceae|date=26 March 1993|publisher=The American Phytopathological Society |url=http://www.apsnet.org/publications/commonnames/Pages/FoliagePlants.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130101357/http://www.apsnet.org/publications/commonnames/Pages/FoliagePlants.aspx|archivedate=30 November 2011|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 
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* Bacterial leaf spot, caused by ''[[Xanthomonas campestris]]'' which affects ''[[Pellionia]]'', ''[[Pilea]]'', and other genera
 
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* [[Anthracnose]], a fungal disease caused by ''[[Colletotrichum capsici]]'' which affects ''Pilea''
 
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* Myrothecium leaf spot, a fungal disease caused by ''[[Myrothecium roridum]]'' which affects plants throughout the Urticaceae, as well as other angiosperms<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chase, A. R. |year=1983|title=Influence of host plant and isolate source on Myrothecium leaf spot of foliage plants|journal=Plant Disease|volume=67|issue=6|pages=668–671|doi=10.1094/PD-67-668|url=http://www.apsnet.org/publications/PlantDisease/BackIssues/Documents/1983Articles/PlantDisease67n06_668.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nguyen, Thu Ha, Mathur, S. B., & Neergaard, Paul|year=1973|title=Seed-borne species of ''Myrothecium'' and their pathogenic potential|journal=Transactions of the British Mycological Society |volume= 61|issue=2|pages=347–354, IN14–IN16|doi=10.1016/S0007-1536(73)80156-1}}</ref>
 
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* Phytophthora blight, a [[water mold]] disease caused by ''[[Phytophthora nicotianae]]'' which affects  ''Pilea''
 
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* Southern blight, a fungal disease caused by ''[[Athelia rolfsii]]'' which affects both ''Pellionia'' and ''Pilea''
 
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==Image gallery==
 
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<gallery>
 
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Image:PileaCadierei.jpg|''Pilea cadierei''
 
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Image:Pilea pumila2.JPG|''Pilea pumila''
 
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Image:Poisonivy1.jpg|''Dendrocnide'' sp.
 
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Image:Elatostema umbellatum 2006.04.19 06.17.14-p4190208.jpg|''Elatostema umbellatum''
 
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Image:Brennnessel 1.JPG|''Urtica dioica''
 
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Image:Boehmeria nivea 1.jpg|''Boehmeria nivea''
 
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Image:Parietaria judaica 000.jpg|''Parietaria judaica'' flowers
 
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Image:Nettle.jpg|''Urtica dioica'' stinging hairs
 
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</gallery>
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist|2}}
 
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==Further reading==
 
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* {{Cite book|author=Pignatti, Sandro |year=1982|title=Flora d'Italia|language=Italian|publisher=Edagricole|location=Bologna|isbn=88-506-2449-2}}
 
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* {{Cite book|author=Friis, Ib|year=1989|title=Urticaceae|series=Flora of tropical East Africa|location=Rotterdam|publisher=A.A. Balkema and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|isbn=978-90-6191-352-8}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{commons category}}
 
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* {{Cite web|author=Stevens, P. F. |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, Version 13|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/}} continuously updated.
 
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[[Category:Rosid families]]
 
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[[Category:Urticaceae| ]]
 

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