Difference between revisions of "Holly"

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{{redirect|Ilex|other uses|Holly (disambiguation)|and|Ilex (disambiguation)}}
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#redirect [[:Category:Ilex]]
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{{distinguish|Holy}}
 
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{{use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}
 
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{{automatic taxobox
 
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|name = ''Ilex''
 
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|image = Ilex-aquifolium (Europaeische Stechpalme-1).jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''European Holly (''[[Ilex aquifolium]]'') leaves and fruit''
 
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|parent_authority = [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]] ''ex'' [[Achille Richard|A.Rich.]]
 
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|taxon = Ilex
 
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|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
 
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|subdivision = About 600, see text
 
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}}
 
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'''''Ilex''''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|l|ɛ|k|s}}, or '''holly''',<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a  [[genus]] of 400 to 600 [[species]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Aquifoliaceae''', and the only living genus in that family. The species are [[evergreen]] or [[deciduous]] trees, shrubs, and climbers from tropics to temperate zones worldwide.
 
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==Description==
 
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[[File:Ilex_paraguariensis_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-074.jpg|thumb|left|Ilex paraguariensis]]
 
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The genus ''Ilex'' is widespread throughout the [[temperateness|temperate]] and [[subtropical]] regions of the world. It includes species of trees, shrubs, and climbers, with evergreen or deciduous foliage and inconspicuous flowers. Its range was more extended in the [[Tertiary]] period and many species are adapted to [[laurel forest]] habitat. It occurs from sea level to more than {{convert|2000|m}} with high mountain species. It is a genus of small, [[evergreen]] [[trees]] with smooth, glabrous, or pubescent branchlets. The plants are generally slow-growing with some species growing to {{convert|25|m|abbr=on}} tall. The [[type species]] is the European holly ''[[Ilex aquifolium]]'' described by Linnaeus.<ref name=ING>{{cite web | title = Index Nominum Genericorum | date = 2013 |url = http://botany.si.edu/ing/ |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref>
 
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Plants in this genus have simple, alternate glossy leaves, frequently with a spiny leaf margin. The inconspicuous flower is greenish white, with four petals. They are generally [[dioecious]], with male and female [[flower]]s on different plants.
 
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The small [[fruits]] of ''Ilex'', although often referred to as [[berries]], are technically [[drupes]].<ref>{{cite web | title = ''Kew Plants and Fungi'' | url = http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Ilex-aquifolium.htm | date = 2012-04-11}}</ref> They range in color from red to brown to black, and rarely green or yellow. The "bones" contain up to ten [[seed]]s each.  Some species produce fruits [[parthenogenetic]]ally, such as the cultivar 'Nellie R. Stevens'. The fruits ripen in winter and thus provide winter colour contrast between the bright red of the fruits and the glossy green evergreen leaves.  Hence the cut branches, especially of ''I. aquifolium'', are widely used in Christmas decoration. The fruits are generally slightly [[poison|toxic]] to humans, and can cause [[vomiting]] and [[diarrhea]] when ingested. However, they are an important food source for birds and other animals, which help disperse the seeds.  Unfortunately this can have negative impacts as well.  Along the west coast of North America, from California to British Columbia, English Holly (Ilex aquifolium), which is grown commercially, is quickly spreading into native forest habitat, where it thrives in shade and crowds out native species.  It has been placed on the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board's monitor list, and is a Class C invasive plant in Portland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/detail.asp?weed=152|title=Noxious Weed Control Board (NWCB) - WA State - Weed Detail Page|work=wa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bcinvasives.ca/invasive-species/identify/invasive-species/invasive-plants/english-holly/|title=English Holly|work=Invasive Species Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/management/plant_profiles/Ilex_aquifolium.php|title=Cal-IPC: Ilex aquifolium|work=cal-ipc.org}}</ref><ref>https://www.portlandoregon.gov/auditor/34460?a=322280</ref>
 
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==Etymology==
 
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''Ilex'' in Latin means the holm-oak or evergreen oak (''[[Quercus ilex]]'').  Despite the [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaean]] classification of ''Ilex'' as holly, as late as the 19th century in Britain, the term ''Ilex'' was still being applied to the oak as well as the holly – possibly due to the superficial similarity of the leaves.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0199206872|pages=3804}}</ref><ref name=virgil>
 
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{{cite book
 
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  |last = Abbe
 
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  |first = Elfriede Martha
 
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  |title = The plants of Virgil's Georgics
 
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  |publisher = Cornell University Press
 
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  |year = 1965
 
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  |page = 88
 
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  |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=njo-AAAAIAAJ
 
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}}
 
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</ref>  The name "holly" in common speech refers to ''[[Ilex aquifolium]]'', specifically stems with berries used in Christmas decoration.  By extension, "holly" is also applied to the whole genus. The origin of the word "holly" is considered a reduced form of [[Old English language|Old English]] ''{{lang|ang|hole(ġ)n}}'',<ref name=Principles>Middle English ''Holin'', later ''Hollen''.
 
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{{cite book
 
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  |last = Skeat
 
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  |first = Walter William
 
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  |title = Principles of English etymology, Volume 1
 
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  |publisher = Clarendon Press
 
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  |location = London, U.K.
 
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  |year = 1887
 
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  |page = 371
 
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  |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VyEFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA497
 
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}}
 
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</ref> Middle English ''Holin'', later ''Hollen''.<ref>T. F. Hoad, ''English Etymology'', Oxford University Press, 1993 ({{ISBN|0-19-283098-8}}), p. 218b.</ref>
 
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<ref name=concise>
 
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{{cite book
 
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  |last = Skeat
 
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  |first = Walter William
 
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  |title = A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
 
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  |publisher = Cosimo, Inc.
 
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  |year = 2005
 
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  |page = 244
 
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  |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ls_XijT33IUC&pg=PA244
 
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  |isbn = 978-1-59605-092-1
 
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}}
 
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</ref>
 
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The [[French language|French]] word for holly, ''{{lang|fr|houx}}'', derives from the [[Old Low Franconian]] ''*hulis'' (Middle Dutch ''huls'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/houx|title=HOUX : Etymologie de HOUX|work=cnrtl.fr}}</ref> Both are related to [[Old High German]] ''{{lang|goh|hulis}}'', ''huls'',<ref name=french>
 
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{{cite book
 
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  |last = Pick
 
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  |first = Edward
 
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  |title = An etymological dictionary of the French language
 
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  |publisher = Murray
 
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  |year = 1869
 
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  |page = 106
 
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  |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OH8CAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA106
 
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}}
 
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</ref> as are [[Low German]]/[[Low Franconian]] terms like ''{{lang|nds|Hülse}}'' or ''{{lang|nds|hulst}}''. These [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] words appear to be related to words for holly in [[Celtic languages]], such as [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''{{lang|cy|celyn}}'', [[Breton language|Breton]] ''{{lang|br|kelen(n)}}'' and [[Irish language|Irish]] ''{{lang|ga|cuileann}}''.
 
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<ref name=dictionary>
 
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{{cite book
 
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  |last = Skeat
 
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  |first = Walter William
 
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  |title = An etymological dictionary of the English language
 
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  |publisher = Clarendon Press
 
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  |year = 1882
 
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  |page = 269
 
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  |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A4M_AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA269
 
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}}
 
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</ref>
 
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Several [[romance languages]] use the Latin word ''acrifolium'' (turned into ''aquifolium'' in modern time), so Italian ''{{lang|it|agrifoglio}}'', [[Occitan]] ''{{lang|oc|grefuèlh}}'', etc.
 
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<ref name=latin>
 
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{{cite book
 
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  |last = Nettleship
 
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  |first = Henry
 
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  |title = Contributions to Latin lexicography
 
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  |publisher = Clarendon Press
 
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  |year = 1889
 
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  |page = 27
 
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  |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TFfRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA27
 
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}}
 
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</ref>
 
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==History==
 
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[[File:Hollyflowers.jpg|thumb|right|Hollies (here, ''[[Ilex aquifolium]]'') are dioecious: (above) shoot with flowers from male plant; (top right) male flower enlarged from female plant; (lower right) female flower enlarged, showing stamen and reduced, sterile stamens with no pollen.]]
 
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The [[phylogeography]] of this group provides examples of various [[speciation]] mechanisms at work. In this scenario ancestors of this group became isolated from the remaining ''Ilex'' when the Earth mass broke away into [[Gondwana]] and [[Laurasia]] about 82 million years ago, resulting in a physical separation of the groups and beginning a process of change to adapt to new conditions. This mechanism is called [[allopatric speciation]]. Over time survivor species of the holly genus adapted to different ecological niches. This led to [[reproductive isolation]], an example of [[ecological speciation]]. In the [[Pliocene]], around five million years ago, [[orogeny|mountain formation]] diversified the landscape and provided new opportunities for [[speciation]] within the genus.
 
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The [[fossil record]] indicates that the ''Ilex'' lineage was already widespread prior to the end of the [[Cretaceous]] period. Based on the [[molecular clock]] the common ancestor of most of the extant species probably appeared during the [[Eocene]], about 50 million years ago, suggesting that older representatives of the genus belong to now extinct branches.<ref name="Loizeau">{{cite book|last=Loizeau|first=P.-A. |author2=Barriera G. |author3=Manen J.-F. |author4=Broennimann O. |title=Plant diversity and complexity patterns: local, regional, and global dimensions : proceedings of an international symposium held at the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in Copenhagen, Denmark, 25–28 May 2003|editor=Friis I. |editor2=Balslev H.|publisher=Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab|year=2005|series=Biologiske skrifter|volume=55|pages=507–517|chapter=Towards an understanding of ''Ilex'' L. (Aquifoliaceae) on a World-wide scale|isbn=978-87-7304-304-2|url=https://books.google.com/?id=1QwCQFbPsa4C&pg=PA516&lpg=PA516&dq=evolutionary+history+ilex+genus#v=onepage&q=evolutionary%20history%20ilex%20genus&f=false|accessdate=9 April 2012}}</ref> The [[laurel forest]] covered great areas of the Earth during the [[Paleogene]], when the genus was more prosperous. This type of forest extended during the [[Neogene]], more than 20 million years ago. Most of the last remaining temperate evergreen forests are believed to have disappeared about 10,000 years ago at the end of the [[Pleistocene]]. Many of the then existing species with the strictest ecological requirements became extinct because they could not cross the barriers imposed by the geography, but others found refuge as a species [[relict]] in coastal enclaves, archipelagos, and coastal mountains sufficiently far from the extreme cold and aridity and protected by the oceanic influence.
 
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The genus includes about 400 to 600 species, divided into three subgenera:
 
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* ''Ilex'' subg. ''Byronia'', with the type species ''[[Ilex polypyrena]]''
 
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* ''Ilex'' subg. ''Prinos'', with 12 species
 
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* ''Ilex'' subg. ''Ilex'', with the rest of the over 400 species
 
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==Range==
 
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The genus is distributed throughout the world's different climates. Most species make their home in the [[tropics]] and [[subtropic]]s, with a worldwide distribution in [[temperate zone]]s. The greatest diversity of species is found in the Americas and in Southeast Asia.
 
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''[[Ilex mucronata]]'', formerly the type species of ''[[Nemopanthus]]'', is [[native plant|native]] to eastern North America.<ref name=grin>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?429925 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Ilex mucronata'']</ref> ''Nemopanthus'' was treated as a separate genus with eight species.<ref>Species [http://www.ppp-index.de/ PPP-index]</ref> of the family [[Aquifoliaceae]], now transferred to ''Ilex'' on molecular data;<ref name=kb>Powell, M., Savolainen, V., Cuénod, P., Manen, J. F., & Andrews, S. (2000). The mountain holly (''Nemopanthus mucronatus'': Aquifoliaceae) revisited with molecular data. ''Kew Bulletin'' 55: 341–347.</ref> it is closely related to ''[[Ilex amelanchier]]''.<ref name=ajb>{{cite journal |author1=Alexandra M. Gottlieb |author2=Gustavo C. Giberti |author3=Lidia Poggio |year=2005 |title=Molecular analyses of the genus ''Ilex'' (Aquifoliaceae) in southern South America, evidence from AFLP and ITS sequence data |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=352–369 |url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/92/2/352 |pmid=21652411 |jstor=4123880 |doi=10.3732/ajb.92.2.352}}</ref>
 
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In Europe the genus is represented by a single species, the classically named holly ''[[Ilex aquifolium]]'', and in continental Africa by this species and (''[[Ilex mitis]]''). ''[[Ilex canariensis]]'', from [[Macaronesia]], and ''Ilex aquifolium'' arose from a common ancestor in the [[laurisilva|laurel forests]] of the Mediterranean. Australia, isolated at an early period, has (''[[Ilex arnhemensis]]''). Of 204 species growing in China, 149 species are [[endemism|endemic]]. A species which stands out for its economic importance in Spanish-speaking countries is ''[[Ilex paraguariensis]]'' or ''Yerba mate''. Having [[evolution|evolved]] numerous species that are [[endemism|endemic]] to islands and small mountain ranges, and being highly useful plants, many hollies are now becoming rare.
 
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==Ecology==
 
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Often the [[tropical]] species are especially threatened by [[habitat destruction]] and overexploitation. At least two species of ''Ilex'' have become extinct recently, and many others are barely surviving.<ref Name=iucn>[[International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]] (IUCN) (2007): 2007''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'':''Ilex'']</ref>
 
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They are extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals. In the autumn and early winter the fruits are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the fruits soften, and become milder in taste. During winter [[storm]]s, [[bird]]s often take refuge in hollies, which provide shelter, protection from [[predator]]s (by the spiny leaves), and [[food]]. The flowers are sometimes eaten by the [[larva]] of the [[double-striped pug]] [[moth]] (''Gymnoscelis rufifasciata''). Other [[Lepidoptera]] whose larvae feed on holly include ''[[Bucculatrix ilecella]]'', which feeds exclusively on hollies, and [[The Engrailed]] (''Ectropis crepuscularia'').
 
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==Toxicity==
 
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Holly can contain [[caffeic acid]], [[caffeoyl]] derivatives, [[caffeoylshikimic acid]], [[chlorogenic acid]], [[feruloylquinic acid]], [[quercetin]], [[quinic acid]], [[kaempferol]], [[tannins]], [[rutin]],  [[caffeine]], and [[theobromine]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kellie P. Burris |author2=Federico M. Harte |author3=P. Michael Davidson |author4=C. Neal Stewart Jr |author5=Svetlana Zivanovic |year=2012 |title=Composition and bioactive properties of yerba mate (''Ilex paraguariensis'' A. St.-Hil.): A review |journal=Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=268–274 |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?cj12042 }}</ref><ref name = "boton">{{cite web | url = http://www.botanical-online.com/alcaloidesaceboangles.htm | title = Toxicity of Holly | accessdate = 3 March 2014}}</ref>
 
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Holly berries can cause vomiting and diarrhea.  They are especially dangerous in cases involving accidental consumption by children attracted to the bright red berries.<ref name="webmd">{{cite web | url = http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-511-HOLLY.aspx?activeIngredientId=511&activeIngredientName=HOLLY | title = Holly | publisher = webmd.com | accessdate = 3 March 2014}}</ref>  Ingestion of over 20 berries may be fatal to children.<ref name = "boton"/><ref name="webmd"/>
 
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Holly leaves, if eaten, might cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and stomach and intestinal problems.<ref name="webmd"/>
 
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Holly plants might be toxic to pets and livestock.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/american-holly | publisher = aspca | title = American Holly | accessdate = 3 March 2014}}</ref>
 
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== Usage ==
 
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Leaves of some holly species are used by some cultures to make daily tea. These species are [[Yerba mate]] (''I. paraguariensis''), ''[[Ilex guayusa]]'', [[Kuding]] (''[[Ilex kaushue]]''),  [[Yaupon]] (''I. vomitoria'') and others. Leaves of other species, such as gallberry (''I. glabra'') are bitter and emetic.<ref>
 
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{{cite book
 
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  |last = Austin
 
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  |first = Daniel F.
 
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  |title = Florida Ethnobotany
 
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  |publisher = CRC Press
 
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  |year = 2004
 
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  |page = 363
 
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  |url = http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849323324
 
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}}
 
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</ref>  In general little is known about inter-species variation in constituents or toxicity of hollies.
 
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==Ornamental use==
 
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Many of the holly species are widely used as [[ornamental plant]]s in temperate/European gardens and parks, notably:
 
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* ''[[Ilex aquifolium|I. aquifolium]]'' (common European holly)
 
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* ''[[Ilex crenata|I. crenata]]'' (box-leaved holly)
 
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* ''[[Ilex verticillata|I. verticillata]]'' (winterberry)<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}</ref>
 
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Moreover, many hundreds of [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s have been developed for garden use, among them the very popular "[[Highclere Castle|Highclere]] holly", ''Ilex × altaclerensis'' (''I. aquifolium'' × ''I. perado'') and the "blue holly", ''Ilex × meserveae'' (''I. aquifolium'' × ''I. rugosa'').<ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.</ref> Hollies are often used  for [[hedge (barrier)|hedges]]; the spiny leaves make them difficult to penetrate, and they take well to pruning and shaping.<ref>Northumbria Police: [http://ww2.northumbria.police.uk/ePolicing/Web/WMS.nsf/CrimeReductionContentDocs/CRD000301 Security starts at the Garden Gate]</ref>
 
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==Culture==
 
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[[File:Holly Christmas card from NLI.jpg|left|thumb|Traditional Christmas card with holly and [[mistletoe]]. Circa 1880s]]
 
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Holly – more specifically the European holly, ''Ilex aquifolium'' – is commonly referenced at [[Christmas]] time, and is often referred to by the name ''Christ's thorn''.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Sanford Niles|title=Christmas History and Customs|year=1895|publisher=School Education Company|language=English|page=24|quote=In Germany and Scandinavia the holly, or holy tree, is called "Christ's thorn," from its use in church decorations, and because it bears berries at Christmas-tide.}}</ref><ref name="Mosteller2008"/> In many [[Western Christian]] cultures, holly is a traditional [[Christmas decoration]],<ref name="CieslaNations2002">{{cite book|last=Ciesla|first=William M.|title=Non-wood Forest Products from Temperate Broad-leaved Trees|year=2002|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|language=English|isbn=9789251048559|page=13|quote=Holly is still a popular Christmas decoration among Christian cultures.}}</ref> used especially in [[wreath]]s and illustrations, for instance on [[Christmas card]]s. Since medieval times the plant has carried a [[Christian symbolism]],<ref name="Struthers2012">{{cite book|last=Struthers|first=Jane|title=The Book of Christmas|date=4 October 2010|publisher=Ebury Publishing|language=English|isbn=9781448148936|page=218|quote=The British native holly (''Ilex aquifolim'') has tremendous religious significance at Christmas. Its prickly leave are evocative of the crown of thorns that was placed on Jesus Christ's head at His crucifixion, and its scarlet berries are synonymous with drops of His blood.}}</ref> as expressed in the well-known Christian Christmas carol "[[The Holly and the Ivy]]", in which the holly represents Jesus and the ivy represents the [[Virgin Mary]].<ref name="Mosteller2008"/> Angie Mostellar discusses the Christian use of holly at Christmas, stating that:<ref name="Mosteller2008"/>
 
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{{quote|Christians have identified a wealth of symbolism in its form. The sharpness of the leaves help to recall the [[crown of thorns]] worn by Jesus; the red berries serve as a reminder of the drops of [[Blood of Christ|blood]] that were shed for [[Salvation (Christianity)|salvation]]; and the shape of the leaves, which resemble flames, can serve to reveal God's burning love for His people. Combined with the fact that holly maintains its bright colors during the [[Christmastide|Christmas season]], it naturally came to be associated with the Christian holiday.<ref name="Mosteller2008">{{cite book|last=Mosteller|first=Angie |title=Christmas|year=2008|publisher=Itasca Books|language=English|isbn=9781607910084|pages=86–87, 89}}</ref>}}
 
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In [[heraldry]], holly is used to symbolize truth. The Norwegian municipality of [[Stord]] has a yellow twig of holly in its Coat-of-arms.
 
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The [[Druids]] held that "leaves of holly offered protection against evil spirits" and thus "wore holly in their hair".<ref name="Mosteller2008"/>
 
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In the [[Harry Potter]] novels, holly is used as the wood in [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry]]'s [[Magical objects in Harry Potter#Wand|wand]].
 
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{{clear}}
 
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In some Traditions of [[Wicca]], the Holly King is one of the faces of the Sun God. He is born at Midsummer and rules from Mabon to Ostara.{{cn|date=June 2017}}
 
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==Selected species==
 
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{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
 
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* ''[[Ilex abscondita]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex aculeolata]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex acutidenticulata]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex affinis]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex aggregata]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex × altaclarensis]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex altiplana]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex amazonensis]]'' –
 
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* ''[[Ilex ambigua]]'' – [[Sand holly]]
 
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* ''[[Ilex amboroica]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex amelanchier]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex amygdalina]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex andicola]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex angulata]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex anodonta]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex anomala]]'' <small>[[Hook.]] & [[Arn.]]</small> – ''Kāwa{{okina}}u'' ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])<ref name="Little1989">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Ilex_anomala.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |title=Kāwaʻu, Hawaiian holly |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |author2=Roger G. Skolmen  |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |year=1989}}</ref>
 
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* ''[[Ilex anonoides]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex apicidens]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex aquifolium]]'' – European holly, English holly, Christ's thorn
 
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* ''[[Ilex aracamuniana]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex archeri]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex ardisiifrons]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex argentina]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex arimensis]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex arisanensis]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex asprella]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex atabapoensis]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex atrata]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex auriculata]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex austrosinensis]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex belizensis]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex berteroi]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex bidens]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex bioritsensis]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex blanchetii]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex boliviana]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex brachyphylla]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex brandegeeana]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex brasiliensis]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex brevicuspis]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex brevipedicellata]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex buergeri]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex buxoides]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex casiquiarensis]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex cassine]]'' – Dahoon holly, cassena
 
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* ''[[Ilex cauliflora]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex centrochinensis]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex chamaebuxus]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex chamaedryfolia]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex championii]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex chapaensis]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex chartaceifolia]]''
 
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* ''[[Ilex chengbuensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex chengkouensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex cheniana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex chinensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex chingiana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex chiriquensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex chuniana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex ciliolata]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex ciliospinosa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex cinerea]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex clementis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex cochinchinensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex colchica]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex colombiana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex condensata]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex confertiflora]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex corallina]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex coriacea]]'' – [[Ilex coriacea|Gallberry]]<!-- see annotation in gallberry article source -->
 
−
* ''[[Ilex cornuta]]'' – [[Chinese holly]], horned holly
 
−
* ''[[Ilex costaricensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex cowanii]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex crenata]]'' – Japanese holly, box-leaved holly, ''inutsuge'' ([[Japanese (language)|Japanese]])
 
−
* ''[[Ilex cubana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex culmenicola]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex cupreonitens]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex curtissii]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex cuzcoana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex cyrtura]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex dabieshanensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex danielis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex daphnogenea]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex dasyclada]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex dasyphylla]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex davidsei]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex decidua]]'' <small>Walter</small> – Possumhaw (Eastern United States, Northeastern [[Mexico]])
 
−
* ''[[Ilex dehongensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex delavayi]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex denticulata]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex dianguiensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex dicarpa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex dioica]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex diospyroides]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex dipyrena]]'' – [[Himalayan holly]]
 
−
* ''[[Ilex dicolor]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex diuretica]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex divaricata]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex dolichopoda]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex dubia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex dugesii]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex duidae]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex dumosa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex dunniana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex editicostata]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex elliptica]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex elmerrilliana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex embelioides]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex ericoides]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex eoa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex ericoides]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex estriata]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex euryoides]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex excelsa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex fargesii]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex fengqingensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex ficifolia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex ficoidea]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex formosana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex forrestii]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex fragilis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex franchetiana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex fukeinensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex gabinetensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex gabrielleana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex gardneriana]]'' ([[extinct]]: 20th century?)
 
−
* ''[[Ilex georgei]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex gintungensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex glabella]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex glabra]]'' <small>L. A.Gray</small> – Evergreen winterberry, bitter gallberry, inkberry (Eastern North America)
 
−
* ''[[Ilex glaucophylla]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex gleasoniana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex glomerata]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex godajam]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex goshiensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex graciliflora]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex gracilis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex gransabanensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex guaiquinimae]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex guangnanensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex guayusa]]'' – Guayusa
 
−
* ''[[Ilex guianensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex guizhouensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex gundlachiana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex haberi]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex hainanensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex hanceana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex hayatana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex hippocrateoides]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex hirsuta]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex holstii]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex hookeri]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex huachamacariana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex hualgayoca]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex huana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex hylonoma]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex hypaneura]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex hyreana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex ignicola]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex illustris]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex integerrima]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex integra]]'' – Mochi tree, Nepal holly
 
−
* ''[[Ilex intricata]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex inundata]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex jamaicana]]'' <small>Proctor</small> ([[Jamaica]])
 
−
* ''[[Ilex jauaensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex jelskii]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex karuaiana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex khasiana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex kingiana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex kudingcha]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex kusanoi]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex laevigata]]'' – Smooth winterberry
 
−
* ''[[Ilex lasseri]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex latifolia]]'' – Tarajo holly, ''tarayō'' (Japanese)
 
−
* ''[[Ilex lechleri]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex leucoclada]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex longipes]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex longzhouensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex machilifolia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex maclurei]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex macoucoua]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex macrocarpa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex macropoda]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex magnifructa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex maingayi]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex marahuacae]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex marginata]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex margratesavage]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex mathewsii]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex × meserveae]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex microdonta]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex mitis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex montana]]'' <small>[[John Torrey|Torrey]] & [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]</small> – Mountain winterberry ([[Eastern United States]])
 
−
* ''[[Ilex mucronata]]'' <small>(L.) M.Powell, Savol., & S.Andrews</small> – Mountain holly, catberry (Eastern North America)
 
−
* ''[[Ilex myrtifolia]]'' – [[Myrtle holly]], Myrtle dahoon
 
−
* ''[[Ilex neblinensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex nothofagifolia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex oblonga]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex occulta]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex opaca]]'' – American holly (Eastern United States)
 
−
* ''[[Ilex ovalifolia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex palawanica]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex pallida]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex paraguariensis]]'' – Yerba mate (mate, erva-mate)
 
−
* ''[[Ilex parvifructa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex patens]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex pauciflora]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex paujiensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex pedunculosa]]'' – Longstalked holly
 
−
* ''[[Ilex peiradena]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex perado]]'' – [[Madeiran holly]]
 
−
* ''[[Ilex perlata]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex pernyi]]'' – [[Perny's holly]]
 
−
* ''[[Ilex polita]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex praetermissa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex pringlei]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex pseudobuxus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex puberula]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex pubescens]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex pubiflora]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex purpurea]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex qianlingshanensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex quercetorum]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex quercifolia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex rarasanensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex reticulata]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex rotunda]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex rugosa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex sclerophylla]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex serrata]]'' – [[Japanese winterberry]]
 
−
* ''[[Ilex sessilifructa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex shimeica]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex sikkimensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex sintenisii]]'' <small>(Urban) Britt.</small> – Sintenis' holly ([[Puerto Rico]])
 
−
* ''[[Ilex sipapoana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex socorroensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex spinigera]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex spruceana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex steyermarkii]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex subrotundifolia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex subtriflora]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex sugerokii]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex sulcata]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex syzygiophylla]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex tahanensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex tarapotina]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex tateana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex taubertiana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex ternatiflora]]'' ([[extinct]]: 20th century?)
 
−
* ''[[Ilex theezans]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex tiricae]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex tolucana]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex trachyphylla]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex trichocarpa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex tugitakayamensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex uraiensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex urbaniana]]'' – Urban's holly
 
−
* ''[[Ilex vaccinoides]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex venezuelensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex venulosa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex verticillata]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]</small> American winterberry (Eastern North America)
 
−
* ''[[Ilex vomitoria]]'' – Yaupon holly, ''casseena'' ([[Spanish (language)|Spanish]])
 
−
* ''[[Ilex vulcanicola]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex walkeri]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex wenchowensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex williamsii]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex wilsonii]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex yunnanensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex wugonshanensis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ilex yuiana]]''<ref>Ulloa Ulloa & Jørgensen (1993), eFloras.org (2007a, b), IUCN (2007), RBGE (2007), USDA (2007a, b)</ref>
 
−
{{div col end}}
 
−
 
 
−
==Gallery==
 
−
<gallery>
 
−
Image:Starr_020925-0058_Ilex_anomala.jpg|''[[Ilex anomala]]''
 
−
Image:Contorted Hedgehog Holly.JPG|A contorted hedgehog holly ''[[Ilex aquifolium]] 'Ferox'
 
−
Image:Ilex chinensis1.jpg|''[[Ilex chinensis]]''
 
−
Image:Ilex pedunculosa5.jpg|''[[Ilex pedunculosa]]''
 
−
Image:Ilex rotunda5.jpg|''[[Ilex rotunda]]''
 
−
<!-- Deleted image removed: Image:winterberry1.jpg|''[[Ilex verticillata]]'' -->
 
−
Image:Yunnan Holly Ilex yunnanensis Sprig 3008px.jpg|''[[Ilex yunnanensis]]''
 
−
Image:Beautifulflowers6.jpg|''[[Ilex × meserveae]]''
 
−
Image:Ilex-pernyi-leaves.JPG|''[[Ilex pernyi]]'' from west China.
 
−
</gallery>
 
−
 
 
−
==References==
 
−
{{reflist|32em}}
 
−
 
 
−
==External links==
 
−
{{Sister project links|wikt=ilex|commons=Category:Ilex|b=no|n=no|q=Holly|s=no|v=no|voy=no|species=Ilex|d=no}}
 
−
* {{cite web|last=Eichhorn|first=Markus|title=The Holly Tree|url=http://www.test-tube.org.uk/trees/video_holly.htm|work=Test Tube|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]|date=March 2011}}
 
−
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/AQUI.html Aquifoliaceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]
 
−
 
 
−
{{taxonbar}}
 
−
 
 
−
[[Category:Ilex| ]]
 
−
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
 
−
[[Category:Winter traditions]]
 
−
[[Category:Christmas plants]]
 
−
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]
 
−
[[Category:Poisonous plants]]
 
−
[[Category:Flora of North America]]
 
−
[[Category:Flora of East Asia]]
 
−
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
 

Latest revision as of 12:29, 5 October 2017

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