Difference between revisions of "Eupomatia"

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#redirect [[:Category:Eupomatia]]
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{{Automatic taxobox
 
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|taxon = Eupomatia
 
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|image = Eupomatia laurina.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''[[Eupomatia bennettii]]''<br>1855 illustration<ref>William Jackson Hooker (1785-1865) - Curtis's botanical magazine vol. 81 ser. 3 nr. 11 tab. 4848 (http://www.botanicus.org/page/467824)</ref>
 
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|parent_authority = [[Charles Henry Dessalines d'Orbigny|Orb.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]
 
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|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
 
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|subdivision = *''[[Eupomatia barbata]]''
 
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*''[[Eupomatia bennettii]]''
 
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*''[[Eupomatia laurina]]''
 
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|}}
 
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'''''Eupomatia''''' is a [[genus]] of three [[Flowering plants|flowering]] [[shrub]] species known to science, of the [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]] ancient [[Family (biology)|family]] '''Eupomatiaceae'''. The Eupomatiaceae have been recognised by most taxonomists and classified in the plant order [[Magnoliales]]. The three species of shrubs or small trees grow naturally in the rainforests and humid [[eucalypt]] forests of eastern [[Australia]] and [[New Guinea]]. The type species ''Eupomatia laurina'' was described in 1814 by [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]].
 
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== Description ==
 
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* [[Tree]]s or [[subshrub]]s [[rhizomatous]] with soft starchy basal [[tubers]], [[indumentum]] absent or present on the branches
 
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* [[Leaf|Leaves]] [[distichous]], simple, entire, penninerved, brochidodromous, petiolate, without [[stipule]]s with secretory, aromatic [[idioblast]]s,  [[stoma]]ta paracytic or actinocytic, only on the undersides of leaves
 
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* [[Plant stem|Stem]]s with nodes (5-)7(-11)-lacunar, radii uni- or multicellular, medulla not septate<ref>{{Cite journal
 
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  |title=Vegetative Anatomy and Relationships of Eupomatiaceae
 
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  |first=Sherwin  |last=Carlquist
 
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  |journal=Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
 
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  |volume=119  |issue=2
 
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  |year = 1992
 
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  |pages=167–180
 
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  |publisher=Torrey Botanical Society
 
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  |doi=10.2307/2997029
 
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  |jstor=2997029
 
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}}</ref>
 
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* [[Plant]]s hermaphrodites
 
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* [[Flower]]s perfect, cream or red and yellow, 30–40&nbsp;mm in diameter, [[actinomorphic]], spiral, [[epigynous]], solitary, axillary or terminal, sometimes in [[Fascicle (botany)|fascicles]] of 2-3, with 1-2 fused [[bract]]s forming a [[calyptra]]<ref>[http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Eupomatia Botanic Gardens Trust: PlantNET - NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA ONLINE]</ref> [[Receptacle (botany)|Receptacle]] urceolate (shaped like an urn). [[Sepal]]s and [[petal]]s absent; [[stamen]]s 20-100, tetrasporangiate, petaloids, [[Column (botany)|gynostemium]] short, wide, [[anther]]s basifixed, introrse, longitudinally dehiscent, connectivum elongated; [[staminode]]s intrastaminal 40-80, petaloid, with glands in the blade and at the edge; stamens and staminodes basally fused forming a deciduous synandrium; [[carpel]]s 13-70, syncarpous, fused for more than half of their length, forming a flattened apical structure; [[Style (botany)|style]]s absent, [[Stigma (botany)|stigmas]] flat, papillose; [[ovule]]s 2-11 per carpel, anatropous, apotropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate; [[placentation]] sublaminar, in two rows along the ventral side of the carpel.
 
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* [[Fruit]] compound in fleshy [[Berry (botany)|berry]]
 
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* [[Seed]]s with [[endosperm]] fleshy to oily, ruminate, [[embryo]] straight, small, with two cotyledons
 
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* [[Pollen]] subglobose, grooved; [[exine]] atectate, psilate
 
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* [[Chromosome|Chromosomal number]]: ''n'' = 10, ''2n'' = 20.
 
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== Ecology ==
 
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[[Protogynous]] and autocompatible flowers, with a reduction in selfing through [[herkogamy]], diurnal synchronization of [[anthesis]] and the tendency of the same plant to not flower on two consecutive days. [[Anthesis]] lasts one or two days, at the height the flower behaves functionally as a female, showing its [[gynoecium]] and with open [[staminodes]], while the stamens remain below the flower. The flower later behaves as a male with the intrastaminal staminodes folded inwards hiding the gynoecium and with erect stamens. The staminodes secrete an oily exudate and emit a fruity smell that attracts beetles, particularly of the genus ''[[Elleschodes]]'' ([[Curculionidae]]), that visit the flowers in both phases, in addition the synandria fall to the ground ([[Pollination syndrome|cantharophily]] [[pollination]]).<ref>{{Cite journal
 
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  | last1= Armstrong  | first1= Joseph E.
 
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  | last2= Irvine | first2= Anthony K.
 
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  |date=Dec 1990
 
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  | title= Functions of Staminodia in the Beetle-Pollinated Flowers of ''Eupomatia laurina''
 
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  | journal= [[Biotropica]]
 
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  | volume= 22 | issue= 4
 
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  | pages= 429–431
 
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  | jstor=2388563
 
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  | doi=10.2307/2388563
 
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}}</ref> The fruit is sweet and aromatic and it is dispersed by birds and mammals ([[Seed dispersal syndrome#Zoochory|zoochory]]). The fruit is also eaten by humans.
 
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The species are native to the tropical habitats of the rain forest,<ref>University of Connecticut. College of Liberal Arts and Sciences - Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Plant Growth Facilities. [http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/200202458.html]</ref> from sea level to an altitude of 1,300 m.
 
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== Phytochemistry ==
 
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Plants contain unusual [[lignan]]s and [[alkaloid]]s (sampangine, eupolauridine, eupomatidine-1, liriodenine and lanuginosine, antimicrobials and antifungals) such as [[proanthocyanidin]]s, [[cyanidin]] and [[flavonoid]]s, in particular velutin. [[Iridoid]]s, [[flavonol]]s and [[ellagic acid]] are absent. [[Cyanogenic glucoside|Cyanogenesis]] absent.
 
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== Uses ==
 
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The colourful wood of ''[[Eupomatia laurina|E. laurina]]'' is valued as is its fruit, which is used to make traditional Australian drinks, preserves and pastries.
 
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== Systematic position ==
 
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Eupomatiaceae associates specifically with the family [[Annonaceae]] in the order [[Magnoliales]] from their botanical descriptions. The [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] considers Eupomatiaceae a sister group of the family Annonaceae in the terminal clade in the order’s evolution (see [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/magnolialesweb.htm#Magtree AP-website]). The [[APG II system]], of 2003 (unchanged from the [[APG system]], of 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order [[Magnoliales]] in the clade '''[[magnoliids]]'''.
 
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== Species ==
 
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* ''[[Eupomatia barbata]]'' {{Au|Jessup}} – formally described in 2002<ref>[http://data.gbif.org/species/15486480 The Global Biodiveristy Information Facility: ''Eupomatia barbata'']</ref>
 
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:Commonly named '''northern small bolwarra'''. Endemic only in north-eastern Queensland, Australia. Shrubs up to 1 m tall.
 
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* ''[[Eupomatia bennettii]]'' {{Au|[[Ferdinand von Mueller|F. Muell.]]}} – formally described in 1858
 
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:Commonly named '''small bolwarra'''. Endemic only in north-eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland, Australia. Shrubs up to 1.4 m tall, little branching; leaves oblanceolate to oblong, 80-200 mm by 25-50 mm, petiole decurrent on the stem; flowers up to about 25 mm diameter, pedicels 5 mm; stamens 8-12 mm, yellow with the inside stained red; dark red staminodes; fruits obconic, 20-30 mm diameter, green turning yellow on ripening.
 
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* ''[[Eupomatia laurina]]'' {{Au|[[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R. Br.]]}} – formally described in 1814
 
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:Commonly named '''bolwarra'''  or '''copper laurel'''. Grows naturally in New Guinea and eastern Australia. Shrubs or small trees up to 10 m tall, highly branched; leaves shiny, oblong-elliptical, 70-120 mm long by 20-50 mm wide, petiole non-decurrent of 3 mm; flowers 20 mm in diameter; stamens white to cream, off-white staminodes; fruits greenish-yellow of 15-20 mm diameter, brown when ripe. Pollinated only by the weevil ''Elleschodes hamiltonii''.
 
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== Notes ==
 
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There was no agreement in the references consulted as to whether the [[calyptra]] derived from the calyx or a bract. It is interesting to note that [[perianths]] do not appear when the calyptra develops,<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-195497/Eupomatiaceae Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref> so that, as mentioned, the plants have flowers without [[petal]]s. When the calyptra’s first floral organs appear [[stamen]]s and [[staminode]]s emerge [[Phyllotaxis|arranged]] in a regular pattern following the [[Fibonacci sequence]] joined in sequences of 13 and 21 (''E. bennettii'') or only 13 (''E. laurina''). The carpels are also arranged in the same way in spirals of eight and 13 (''E. bennettii'') and of five and eight (''E. laurina'').<ref>{{Cite journal | last1= Endress | first1= Peter K. | year= 2003 | title= Early Floral Development and Nature of the Calyptra in Eupomatiaceae (Magnoliales) | journal= International Journal of Plant Sciences | volume= 164 | pages= 489–503 |doi=10.1086/375319 |jstor=10.1086/375319 |via=[[JSTOR]] |registration=y}}</ref>
 
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== References ==
 
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{{Reflist | 27em }}
 
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* Endress, P.K. 1993. Eupomatiaceae. En: Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J.G. & Bittrich, V. (Editores). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants - Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag.
 
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* Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 29 July 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/
 
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==External links==
 
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/eupomati.htm Eupomatiaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 3 May 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/.
 
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* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=22299&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
 
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* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Eupomatiaceae links at CSDL, Texas]* [http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/boga/html/Eupomatia.laurina.ho18.JPG ''Eupomatia laurina'', flor abriéndose]
 
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* [http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/boga/html/Eupomatia.laurina.laengs.ho6.JPG Cut flower of ''Eupomatia laurina'']
 
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* [http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/Eupomatia.200a.jpg ''Eupomatia'', flower in female phase]
 
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* [http://www.anbg.gov.au/images/photo_cd/732131822188/045_2.jpg ''Eupomatia bennettii'', flower and young fruit]
 
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* [http://www.anbg.gov.au/images/photo_cd/732131822188/046_2.jpg ''Eupomatia laurina'', overview]
 
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* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/images/sbml/Eupomatia_laurina_fruits.jpg ''Eupomatia laurina'', dry fruit]
 
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[[Category:Magnoliales]]
 
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[[Category:Magnoliales genera]]
 

Latest revision as of 18:22, 4 October 2017

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