Difference between revisions of "Ericales"

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2012}}
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#redirect [[:Category:Ericales]]
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{{Automatic taxobox
 
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| taxon = Ericales
 
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| image = RhododendronSimsiiFlowers2.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''Rhododendron simsii''
 
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| authority = [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Families
 
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| subdivision =
 
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*[[Actinidiaceae]]
 
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*[[Balsaminaceae]]
 
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*[[Clethraceae]]
 
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*[[Cyrillaceae]]
 
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*[[Diapensiaceae]]
 
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*[[Ebenaceae]]
 
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*[[Ericaceae]]
 
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*[[Fouquieria]]ceae
 
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*[[Lecythidaceae]]
 
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*[[Marcgraviaceae]]
 
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*[[Mitrastemonaceae]]
 
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*[[Pentaphylacaceae]]
 
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*[[Polemoniaceae]]
 
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*[[Primulaceae]]
 
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*[[Roridula]]ceae
 
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*[[Sapotaceae]]
 
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*[[Sarraceniaceae]]
 
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*[[Sladeniaceae]]
 
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*[[Styracaceae]]
 
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*[[Symplocos|Symplocaceae]]
 
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*[[Tetrameristaceae]]
 
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*[[Theaceae]]
 
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*[[Theophrastaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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The '''Ericales''' are a large and diverse order of [[dicotyledon]]s, including, for example, [[camelia sinensis|tea]], [[persimmon]], [[blueberry]], [[Brazil nut]], and [[azalea]]. The order includes [[tree]]s, [[shrub|bush]]es, [[liana]]s, and [[herbaceous]] plants. Together with ordinary [[Photosynthesis|autophytic]] plants, the Ericales include [[chlorophyll]]-deficient [[mycoheterotrophic]] plants (e.g., ''[[Sarcodes sanguinea]]'') and [[carnivorous plant]]s (e.g., genus ''[[Sarracenia]]'').
 
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Many species have five petals, often grown together. Fusion of the petals as a trait was traditionally used to place the order in the subclass [[Sympetalae]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Robyns|first=W.|title=Outline of a New System of Orders and Families of Sympetalae|journal=Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National Belgique|date=31 December 1972|volume=42|pages=363–372|jstor=3667661|doi=10.2307/3667661}}<!--|accessdate=23 October 2011--></ref>
 
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[[Mycorrhiza]] is an interesting property, frequently associated with the Ericales. Indeed, symbiosis with root fungi is quite common among the order representatives, and three kinds of it can be found exclusively among Ericales (namely, ericoid, arbutoid and monotropoid mycorrhiza). In addition, some families among the order are notable for their exceptional ability to accumulate [[aluminum]].<ref>(Jansen et al., 2004).</ref>
 
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Ericales are a cosmopolitan order. Areas of distribution of families vary largely - while some are restricted to tropics, others exist mainly in Arctic or temperate regions. The entire order contains over 8,000 species, of which the Ericaceae account for 2,000-4,000 species (by various estimates).
 
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== Economic importance ==
 
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The most commercially used plant in the order is [[tea]] (''Camellia sinensis'') from the [[Theaceae]] family. The order also includes some edible fruits, including [[kiwifruit]] (''Actinidia deliciosa''), [[persimmon]] (genus ''Diospyros''), [[blueberry]], [[huckleberry]], [[cranberry]], [[Brazil nut]], and [[Mamey sapote]]. The order also includes [[Vitellaria|shea]] (''Vitellaria paradoxa''), which is the major dietary lipid source for millions of sub-Saharan Africans.  Many Ericales species are cultivated for their showy flowers: well-known examples are [[azalea]], [[rhododendron]], [[camellia]], [[Calluna|heather]], [[Primula|polyanthus]], [[cyclamen]], [[phlox]], and [[busy Lizzie]].
 
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== Classification ==
 
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These families are typical of newer classifications. Those marked with an asterisk are recognized in the [[APG III system]].<ref name=APGIII2009/>
 
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* Family [[Actinidiaceae]]* ([[kiwifruit]] family)
 
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* Family [[Balsaminaceae]]* ([[Impatiens|balsam]] family)[[File:Balsam I IMG 9566.jpg|thumb|''[[Impatiens balsamina]]'' from the [[Balsaminaceae]] ]]
 
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* Family [[Clethraceae]]* ([[clethra]] family)
 
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* Family [[Cyrillaceae]]* ([[cyrilla]] family)
 
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* Family [[Diapensiaceae]]*
 
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* Family [[Ebenaceae]]* ([[ebony]] and [[persimmon]] family)
 
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* Family [[Ericaceae]]* ([[Erica|heath]], [[rhododendron]], and [[Vaccinium|blueberry]] family)
 
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* Family [[Fouquieria]]ceae* ([[ocotillo]] family)
 
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* Family [[Lecythidaceae]]* ([[Brazil nut]] family)
 
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* Family Maesaceae → [[Primulaceae]]
 
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* Family [[Marcgraviaceae]]*
 
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* Family [[Mitrastemonaceae]]*
 
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* Family [[Myrsinaceae]] ([[cyclamen]] and [[Anagallis arvensis|scarlet pimpernel]] family) → Primulaceae
 
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* Family [[Pellicieraceae]] → Tetrameristaceae
 
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* Family [[Pentaphylacaceae]]*
 
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* Family [[Polemoniaceae]]* ([[phlox]] family)
 
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* Family [[Primulaceae]]* ([[Primula|primrose]] and [[Soldanella|snowbell]] family) [[File:Primula rosea I IMG 7210.jpg|thumb|''[[Primula rosea]]'' from the [[Primulaceae]] ]]
 
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* Family [[Roridula]]ceae*
 
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* Family [[Sapotaceae]]* ([[sapodilla]] family)
 
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* Family [[Sarraceniaceae]]* (American [[pitcher plant]] family)
 
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* Family [[Sladeniaceae]]*
 
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* Family [[Styracaceae]]* ([[Halesia|silverbell]] family)
 
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* Family [[Symplocaceae]]* (sapphireberry family)
 
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* Family Ternstroemiaceae → Pentaphylacaceae
 
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* Family [[Tetrameristaceae]]*
 
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* Family [[Theaceae]]* ([[Camellia sinensis|tea]] and [[camellia]] family)
 
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* Family [[Theophrastaceae]] → Primulaceae
 
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These make up a basal group of [[asterid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bremer|first=Birgitta|author2=Kåre Bremera |author3=Nahid Heidaria |author4=Per Erixona |author5=Richard G. Olmsteadb |author6=Arne A. Anderbergc |author7=Mari Källersjöd |author8=Edit Barkhordarian |title=Phylogenetics of asterids based on 3 coding and 3 non-coding chloroplast DNA markers and the utility of non-coding DNA at higher taxonomic levels|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=August 2002|volume=24|issue=2|pages=274–301|doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00240-3|pmid=12144762}}<!--|accessdate=23 October 2011--></ref> Under the [[Cronquist system]], the Ericales included a smaller group of plants, which were placed among the [[Dilleniidae]]:
 
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* Family [[Ericaceae]]
 
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* Family [[Cyrillaceae]]
 
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* Family [[Clethraceae]]
 
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* Family [[Grubbiaceae]]
 
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* Family [[Empetraceae]]
 
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* Family [[Epacridaceae]]
 
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* Family [[Pyrolaceae]]
 
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* Family [[Monotropaceae]]
 
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==See also==
 
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*''[[Paradinandra]]''
 
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== References ==
 
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{{reflist|30em}}
 
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== Bibliography ==
 
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* [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph du Mortier|B. C. J. du Mortier]] (1829). ''Analyse des Familles de Plantes : avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent'', 28. Imprimerie de J. Casterman, Tournay.
 
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* S. Jansen, T. Watanabe, P. Caris, K. Geuten, F. Lens, N. Pyck, E. Smets (2004). The Distribution and Phylogeny of Aluminium Accumulating Plants in the Ericales. ''Plant Biology (Stuttgart)'' '''6''', 498-505. Thieme, Stuttgart. (Available online: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-820980 DOI] | [http://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/abstract/plantbiology/doi/10.1055/s-2004-820980 Abstract])
 
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* W. S. Judd, C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg, P. F. Stevens, M. J. Donoghue (2002). ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 2nd edition.'' pp.&nbsp;425–436 (Ericales). Sinauer Associates,  Sunderland, Massachusetts. {{ISBN|0-87893-403-0}}.
 
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* E. Smets, N. Pyck (Feb 2003). Ericales (Rhododendron). In: ''Nature Encyclopedia of Life Sciences''. Nature Publishing Group, London. (Available online: [http://www.els.net ELS Site])
 
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* {{cite journal|author1=Arne A. Anderberg |author2=Bertil Stahl |author3=Mari Kallersjo |date=May 2000|title = Maesaceae, a New Primuloid Family in the Order Ericales s.l. |journal = Taxon|volume =  49|issue = 2 |pages = 183–187|doi = 10.2307/1223834|publisher = International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)|jstor = 1223834}}
 
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{{commons category}}
 
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{{Wikispecies}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Ericales| ]]
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
 

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