Difference between revisions of "Alismataceae"

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{{Automatic taxobox|image = Sagittaria latifolia (flowers).jpg
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#redirect [[:Category:Alismataceae]]
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|image_caption = ''[[Sagittaria latifolia]]''
 
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|taxon = Alismataceae
 
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|authority = [[Étienne Pierre Ventenat|Vent.]]<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |accessdate=2010-12-10 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|type_genus = ''[[Alisma]]''
 
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|type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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|range_map = Map-Alismataceae.PNG
 
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|range_map_caption = Alismataceae distribution map
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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|subdivision = See text
 
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}}
 
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The '''water-plantains''' ('''Alismataceae''') are a family of [[flowering plant]]s, comprising 11 genera and between 85 and 95 species. The family has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], with the greatest number of species in [[temperate]] regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. Most of the species are [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[aquatic plant]]s growing in [[marsh]]es and [[pond]]s.
 
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==Description==
 
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Most Alismataceae are robust [[Perennial plant|perennials]], but some may be [[Annual plant|annual]] or perennial, depending on water conditions&nbsp;— they are normally perennial in permanent waters, annual in more seasonal conditions but there are exceptions. The [[Plant stem|stems]] are [[corm]]-like or [[stolon]]iferous. Juvenile and submerse [[Leaf|leaves]] are often [[Leaf shape|linear]], whilst more mature and emerse leaves can be linear to [[Leaf shape|ovate]] or even [[Leaf shape|sagittate]]. Most have a distinct [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]], with a sheathed base.
 
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The [[inflorescence]] is usually compound with whorls of branches, though some are [[umbel]]-like, and others have solitary [[flower]]s. The flowers are regular, bisexual or unisexual. There are three [[sepal]]s which usually persist in the [[fruit]]. Three petals, usually conspicuous, white, pink, purple, occasionally with yellow or purple spots. The [[petal]]s rarely last more than one day. In ''[[Burnatia]]'' and ''[[Wiesneria]]'' the petals are minute and even occasionally absent in female flowers. [[Stamen]]s are 3, 6, 9 or numerous. The [[Ovary (plants)|ovary]] is superior, comprising 3 - numerous free [[Gynoecium|carpels]] in one whorl or in a clustered head. Each carpel contains 1 (-2) anatropous [[ovule]]s.
 
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[[Fruit]] is a head of [[Nut (fruit)|nutlet]]s (except in ''[[Damasonium]]''). The [[seed]]s have no [[endosperm]] and a curved or folded [[embryo]].
 
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==Classification==
 
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Under the [[APG III system]], the Alismataceae includes three genera formerly members of the [[Limnocharitaceae]].  Altogether, there are 17 extant genera and two fossil genera assigned to the Alismataceae:<ref>[http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alismata.htm Alismataceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Haggard | first=Kristina K. |author2=Tiffney, Bruce H. | year=1997 | title=The Flora of the Early Miocene Brandon Lignite, Vermont, USA. VIII. ''Caldesia'' (Alismataceae) | journal=American Journal of Botany | volume=84 | issue=2 | pages=239–252 | doi=10.2307/2446086 | jstor=2446086 | publisher=Botanical Society of America }}</ref><ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do;jsessionid=16C963FB3B760714D96041A5493D2712 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
 
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{|
 
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|- valign=top
 
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|
 
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*''[[Albidella]]'' <small>Pichon</small>
 
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*''[[Alisma]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<!--1753--></small>
 
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*''[[Alismaticarpum]]''&nbsp;† <small>Collinson</small>
 
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*''[[Astonia]]'' <small>S.W.L.Jacobs<!--1997--></small>
 
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*''[[Baldellia]]'' <small>[[Filippo Parlatore|Parl.]]<!--1854--></small>
 
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*''[[Burnatia]]'' <small>[[Marc Micheli|Micheli]]<!--1881--></small>
 
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*''[[Butomopsis]]'' <small>[[Kunth]]</small>
 
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*''[[Caldesia]]'' <small>Parl.<!--1860--></small>
 
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*''[[Damasonium]]'' <small>[[Philip Miller|Mill.]]<!--1754--></small>
 
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*''[[Echinodorus]]'' <small>[[Louis Claude Richard|Rich.]] ex [[George Engelmann|Engelm.]]<!--1848--></small>
 
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*''[[Helanthium]]'' <small>(Benth. & Hook. f.) Engelm. ex J.G. Sm.</small>
 
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*''[[Hydrocleys]]'' <small>[[Rich.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Limnocharis]]'' <small>[[Bonpl.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Limnophyton]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]<!--1855--></small>
 
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*''[[Luronium]]'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz|Raf.]]<!--1840--></small>
 
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*''[[Ranalisma]]'' <small>[[Otto Stapf|Stapf]]<!--1900--></small>
 
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*''[[Sagisma]]''&nbsp;† <small>Nikitin</small>
 
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*''[[Sagittaria]]'' <small>L.<!--1753--></small>
 
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*''[[Wiesneria]]'' <small>Micheli<!--1881--></small>
 
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|}
 
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==Cultivation and uses==
 
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[[File:Echinodorus isthmicus2.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Echinodorus isthmicus]]'']]
 
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Several species, notably in the genus ''[[Sagittaria]]'', have edible [[rhizome]]s, grown for both human food and animal [[fodder]] in [[South Asia|southern]] and [[East Asia|eastern Asia]]. They were eaten as food by the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples of North America]]. Most have value as food for wildlife. Some are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s in [[Water garden|bog gardens]], [[pond]]s and [[aquarium]]s. ''[[Limnocharis flava]]'''s leaves and flower buds are eaten in Southeast Asia as "poor people's vegetable". {{Citation needed|date=May 2014}}
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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*[http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Marantaceae.htm Neotropical Alismataceae]
 
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==External links==
 
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{{Wikisource1911Enc|Alismaceae}}
 
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{{commonscat-inline}}
 
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{{wikispecies-inline}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Alismatales families]]
 
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[[Category:Aquatic plants]]
 
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[[Category:Alismataceae| ]]
 

Latest revision as of 12:52, 30 September 2017

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