Difference between revisions of "Theaceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Theaceae]]
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|name = Theaceae
 
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|image = Camellia sinensis - tea - from-DC1.jpg
 
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|image_caption = [[Tea]] ''[[Camellia sinensis]]''
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Ericales]]
 
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|familia = '''Theaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[David Don|D.Don]]
 
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|synonyms= Camelliaceae<ref name=GRIN>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?200 Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) entry for Camelliaceae]</ref>
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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|subdivision = See text.
 
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}}
 
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'''Theaceae''' {{IPAc-en|th|i:|'|ay|s|ee}} is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s, composed of shrubs and trees, including the [[camellias]]. It can be described as having from seven to 40 [[genus|genera]], depending on the source and the method of circumscription used. The family Ternstroemiaceae has been included within Theaceae;<ref name="kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ''Vascular Plant Families and Genera'': [http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?THEACEAE Theaceae]</ref><ref name="delta">Watson, L., & Dallwitz, M. J. (1992 onwards). ''The families of flowering plants''. [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/theaceae.htm Theaceae]</ref> however, the [[APG III system]] of 2009 places it instead in [[Pentaphylacaceae]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}
 
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</ref>
 
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== Family characteristics ==
 
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Plants in this family are characterized by simple leaves that are alternate spiral to distichial, serrated, and usually glossy. Most of the genera have [[evergreen]] foliage, but ''[[Stewartia]]'' and ''[[Franklinia]]'' are [[deciduous]]. The toothed margins are generally associated with a characteristic Theoid leaf tooth, which is crowned by a glandular, deciduous tip.<ref name=Stevens2003>Stevens, P.F. 2003. Clusiaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Eds.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer, Hamburg, Germany</ref> The flowers in this family are usually pink or white and large and showy, often with a strong scent.<ref>Luna I, Ochoterena H (2004) ‘Phylogenetic relationships of the genera of Theaceae based on morphology.’ Cladistics Vol. 20 223-270</ref> The calyx consists of five or more sepals, which are often persistent in the fruiting stage, and the corolla is five-merous, rarely numerous. Plants in Theaceae are multistaminate, usually with 20-100+ stamen either free or adnate to the base of the corolla, and are also distinctive because of the presence of pseudopollen. The pseudopollen is produced from connective cells, and has either rib-like or circular thickenings.  The ovary is often hairy and narrows gradually into the style, which may be branched or cleft.  The carpels are typically opposite from the petals, or the sepals in the case of ''[[Camellia]]''.  The fruits are [[loculicidal]] capsules, indehiscent [[baccate]] fruits or sometimes [[pome]]s.  The seeds are few and sometimes winged, or in some generas covered by fleshy tissue or unwinged and nude.<ref name="delta"/><ref name=Stevens2003/>
 
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==Genera==
 
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{{As of|2017|March}}, the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] accepts the following genera:<ref name=APweb_Theaceae>{{Citation |last=Stevens |first=P.F.  |contribution=Theaceae |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/ericalesweb.htm#Theaceae |accessdate=2014-09-18 }}</ref>
 
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*''[[Apterosperma]]'' {{small|Hung T. Chang}}
 
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*''[[Camellia]]'' {{small|L.}}, including ''Piquetia'' (<small>Pierre) H.Hallier</small>, ''Thea'' <small>L.</small>, ''Yunnanea'' <small>Hu</small>
 
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*''[[Dankia]]''
 
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*''[[Franklinia]]'' {{small|Marshall}}
 
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*''[[Gordonia (plant)|Gordonia]]'' {{small|Ellis}}, including ''Laplacea''
 
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* ''[[Polyspora]]'' <small>G.Don</small>
 
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*''[[Pyrenaria]]'' {{small|Blume}}, including ''Dubardella'' <small>H.J.Lam</small>, ''Glyptocarpa'' <small>Hu</small>, ''Parapyrenaria'' <small>H.T.Chang</small>, ''Sinopyrenaria'' <small>Hu</small>, ''Tutcheria'' <small>Dunn</small>
 
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*''[[Schima]]'' {{small|Blume}}
 
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*''[[Stewartia]]'' {{small|L.}}, including ''Hartia'' <small>Dunn</small>
 
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The fossil ''[[Pentapetalum|Pentapetalum trifasciculandricus]]'', about 91 million years old, may belong to the Theaceae or the Pentaphylacaceae.<ref name=APweb_Theaceae/>
 
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== Chemistry ==
 
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There is distinctive chemistry within the Theaceae family.  Sometimes, single crystals of calcium oxalate are present in Theaceous plants. [[Ellagic acid]] and common polyphenols including flavonols, flavones and proanthocyanins are widely distributed throughout the family.  [[Gallic acid]] and catechins only occur in ''Camellia'' sect. ''Thea (C. sinensis, C. taliensis'' and ''C. irrawadiensis''.) Caffeine and its precursors theobromine and theophylline are only found in sect. ''Thea'' and are not found in other species of ''Camellia'' or other Theaceae.  Caffeine content in the tea bush makes up 2.5-4% of the leaf's dry weight, and this high content of catechins and caffeine in the tea bush is the result of selection by man for these characters. Triterpenes and their glycosides (saponins) are found widely throughout the family in the seeds, leaves, wood and bark.  Plants in this family are also known to accumulate aluminum and fluoride.<ref name="delta"/>
 
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== Distribution ==
 
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Members of the family are found in south-east Asia and Malesia, tropical South America and the south-east United States. Three genera (''[[Franklinia]]'', ''[[Gordonia (plant)|Gordonia]]'' and ''[[Stewartia]]'') have species native to the south-east United States, with ''Franklinia'' being [[Endemism|endemic]] there, and under some interpretations, also ''Gordonia'' with the Asian species formerly included in that genus being transferred to ''Polyspora''.<ref name="china">''Flora of China'' [http://web.archive.org/web/20040814114055/http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume12/Theaceae-CAS_edited.htm "Theaceae (draft)"]</ref>
 
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== Economic importance ==
 
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The best known [[genus]] is ''[[Camellia]]'', which includes the plant whose leaves are used to produce [[tea]] (''Camellia sinensis'').  In parts of Asia, other species are used as a beverage, including ''C. taliensis, C. grandibractiata, C. kwangsiensis, C. gymnogyna, C. crassicolumna, C. tachangensis, C. ptilophylla'', and ''C. irrawadiensis''.<ref>Chang, H.T., Bartholomew, R.C. 1984. Camellias. Timber Press, Portland, OR</ref> Several [[species]] are grown widely as ornamentals for their flowers and handsome foliage.
 
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== References ==
 
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<references/>
 
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[[Category:Theaceae|*]]
 
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[[Category:Ericales families]]
 

Latest revision as of 11:58, 30 September 2017

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