Difference between revisions of "Cornales"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Cornales]]
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| fossil_range= {{Fossilrange|Coniacian|Recent}}
 
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| image = Davidia1.jpg
 
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| image_caption = [[Dove tree]] in flower <br/> a species in [[Nyssaceae]]
 
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| taxon = Cornales
 
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| authority = [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Families
 
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| subdivision =
 
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*[[Cornaceae]]
 
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*[[Curtisiaceae]]
 
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*[[Grubbiaceae]]
 
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*[[Hydrangeaceae]]
 
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*[[Hydrostachyaceae]]
 
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*[[Loasaceae]]
 
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*[[Nyssaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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The '''Cornales''' are an order of [[flowering plant]]s, basal among the [[asterids]], containing about 600 species. Plants within the Cornales usually have four-parted flowers, [[drupe|drupaceous]] fruits, and inferior [[gynoecium|gynoecia]] topped with disc-shaped [[nectar]]ies.
 
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==Taxonomy ==
 
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In the classification system of [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]] the Cornales were in the [[superorder]] Corniflorae (also called Cornanae).  Under the [[APG IV system]], the Cornales order includes these families:<ref name=APGIV>{{Cite journal|authors=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|authorlink=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf|format=PDF|issn=00244074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}</ref>
 
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* [[Cornaceae]] (the [[dogwood]] family)
 
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* [[Curtisiaceae]] (cape lancewood)
 
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* [[Grubbiaceae]] (the [[sillyberry]] family)
 
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* [[Hydrangeaceae]] (the [[hydrangea]] family)
 
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* [[Hydrostachyaceae]]
 
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* [[Loasaceae]] (the [[Mentzelia|stickleaf]] family)
 
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* [[Nyssaceae]], (the [[tupelo]]s)
 
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The oldest fossils assigned with confidence to the order are ''[[Hironoia|Hironoia fusiformis]]'', described from [[Coniacian]] age Japanese coalified fruits, and ''[[Suciacarpa|Suciacarpa starrii]]'' described from American [[permineralized]] fruits of [[Campanian]] age.<ref name="Atkinson2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Atkinson |first1=B. |year=2016 |title=Early diverging asterids of the Late Cretaceous: ''Suciacarpa starrii'' gen. et sp. nov. and the initial radiation of Cornales |journal= Botany |volume=94 |pages=759–771 |doi=10.1139/cjb-2016-0035}}</ref>
 
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===Phylogeny===
 
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The Cornales order is sister to the remainder of the large and diverse [[asterid]] [[clade]].
 
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The Cornales are highly geographically [[disjunct distribution|disjunct]] and [[morphology (biology)|morphologically]] diverse, which has led to considerable confusion regarding the proper circumscription of the groups within the order and the relationships between them.<ref name=Xiang1993>Xiang, Q. Y., [[Douglas E. Soltis|Soltis, D. E.]], Morgan, D. R., and [[Soltis, P. S.]] (1993). Phylogenetic relationships of ''Cornus'' L ''sensu lato'' and putative relatives inferred from rbcL sequence data. ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' '''80''', 723-734.</ref> Under the [[Cronquist system]], the order comprised the families Cornaceae, Nyssaceae, [[Garryaceae]], and [[Alangiaceae]], and was placed among the [[Rosidae]], but this interpretation is no longer followed. Many families and genera previously associated with the Cornales have been removed, including Garryaceae, ''[[Griselinia]]'', ''[[Corokia]]'', and ''[[Kaliphora]]'', among others.<ref name="Xiang1993" />
 
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Molecular data suggest four clades are within the Cornales: ''[[Cornus (genus)|Cornus]]-[[Alangium]]'', [[Nyssaceae|nyssoids-mastixioids]], Hydrangeaceae-Loasaceae, and ''[[Grubbiaceae|Grubbia]]-[[Curtisia]]'', with the Hydrostachyaceae in an uncertain position, possibly basal.<ref name=Fan2003>Fan, C. Z., and Xiang, Q. Y. (2003). Phylogenetic analyses of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequence data. ''American Journal of Botany'' '''90''', 1357-1372.</ref> However, the relationship between these clades is unclear, and as a result of many historical taxonomic interpretations and differing opinions regarding the significance of morphological variations, rankings of taxa within the order are inconsistent.<ref name=Xiang1993 /><ref name=Fan2003 /><ref name=Eyde1988>Eyde, R. H. (1988). Comprehending ''Cornus'' - puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods. ''Botanical Review'' '''54''', 233-351.</ref> These difficulties in interpreting the systematics of Cornales may represent an early and rapid diversification of the groups within the order.<ref name=Fan2003 />
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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==External links==
 
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* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/137865/Cornales
 
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{{commons}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Cornales| ]]
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
 
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{{Asterid-stub}}
 

Latest revision as of 10:01, 30 September 2017

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