Difference between revisions of "Chloranthaceae"

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{{Expand Spanish|Chloranthaceae|topic=sci|date=December 2009}}
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#redirect [[:Category:Chloranthaceae]]
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{{Automatic taxobox
 
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| taxon = Chloranthaceae
 
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| image = Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Sarcandra glabra]]''
 
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| parent_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]<ref name="apgiii">{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| authority =  R.Br. ex Sims<ref name="apgiii" />
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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| subdivision = See [[#Genera|text]].
 
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}}
 
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'''Chloranthaceae''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|l|ɔər|æ|n|ˈ|θ|eɪ|ʃ|iː}} is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plants]] (angiosperms), the only family in the [[Order (biology)|order]] '''Chloranthales'''.<ref name="apgiii"/> It is not closely related to any other family of flowering plants, and is among the early-diverging lineages in the angiosperms. They are woody or weakly woody plants occurring in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, Madagascar, Central and South America, and the West Indies. The family consists of four extant genera, totalling about 77 known species according to Christenhusz and Byng in 2016.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> Some species are used in traditional medicine.  The type genus is ''[[Chloranthus]]''.
 
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==Description==
 
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Chloranthaceae species are aromatic plants with soft wood, having opposite, evergreen leaves with distinctive serrate margins and interpetiolar [[stipule]]s (similar to the stipules found in family [[Rubiaceae]]). The [[flower]]s are inconspicuous, and arranged in [[inflorescence]]s. [[Petal]]s are absent in this family, and sometimes so are [[sepal]]s. The flowers can be either hermaphrodite or of separate sexes. The fruit is [[drupe]]-like, consisting of one [[carpel]].
 
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==Taxonomy==
 
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Chloranthaceae have been recognised as a family in most classifications but without clear relatives.  Molecular systematic studies have shown that it is not closely related to any other family and is among the early-diverging lineages in the [[angiosperms]].  In particular, it is neither a [[eudicot]] nor a [[monocot]].  Fossils assigned to Chloranthaceae, or closely related to the family, are among the oldest angiosperms known.  The [[APG II system]] (2003) left the family unplaced as to order, but the [[APG III system]] (2009) accepted [[Chloranthales]], containing only this family.<ref name="apgiii"/> The cladogram below, from the [[APG IV system]] (2016), shows the Chloranthales in a [[trichotomy]] with the [[magnoliids]] and the monocot-Ceratophyllales-dicot [[clade]]. Earlier the order was grouped with magnoliids, but studies in 2014 did not support this placement, so that its phylogeny remains unclear.<ref name=APG4>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 }}</ref>
 
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{{clade |style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;
 
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|label1=[[angiosperms]]
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1=[[Amborellales]]
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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      |1=[[Nymphaeales]]
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1=[[Austrobaileyales]]
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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            |1=[[magnoliids]]
 
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            |2='''Chloranthales'''
 
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            |3={{clade
 
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              |1=[[monocots]]
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=[[Ceratophyllales]]
 
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                  |2=[[eudicots]]
 
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                  }}
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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===Genera===
 
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{{As of|2016|June}}, four extant genera are recognized:<ref name="APweb">Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/chloranthalesweb.htm#Chloranthaceae "Chloranthaceae"]. ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 2016-06-12.</ref>
 
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* ''[[Ascarina]]'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small>
 
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* ''[[Chloranthus]]'' <small>Sw.</small>
 
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* ''[[Hedyosmum]]'' <small>Sw.</small>
 
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* ''[[Sarcandra]]'' <small>Gardner</small>
 
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The extinct genus ''[[Chloranthistemon]]'' also belongs to this family.<ref>Herendeen, P. S., W. L. Crepet, and K. C. Nixon. 1993. Chloranthus-like stamens from the Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey. American Journal of Botany 80 (8): 865-871.</ref>
 
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===Historical classifications===
 
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The [[Cronquist system]] (1981) assigned the family
 
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: to the order [[Piperales]]
 
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:: in subclass [[Magnoliids|Magnoliidae]]
 
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::: in class [[Magnoliopsida]] [=[[dicotyledons]]]
 
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:::: of division [[Magnoliophyta]] [=angiosperms].
 
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The [[Thorne system (1992)]] placed it
 
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: in the order [[Magnoliales]], which was assigned
 
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:: to superorder [[Magnolianae]]
 
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::: in subclass Magnoliideae [=dicotyledons],
 
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:::: in class Magnoliopsida [=angiosperms].
 
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The [[Dahlgren system]] raised the family to be
 
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: its own order [[Chloranthales]], which was assigned
 
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:: to superorder Magnolianae
 
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::: in subclass Magnoliideae [=dicotyledons],
 
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:::: in class Magnoliopsida [=angiosperms].
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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== External links  ==
 
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/chlorant.htm Chloranthaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants:] descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval''. Version: 3 May 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com:80/.
 
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* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=201&taxon_id=10187 ''Andes Trees'']
 
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* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=16737&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
 
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* [http://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/art/index_senryouka.htm Images of ''Chloranthus''] Flavon's art gallery: Chloranthaceae
 
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* [http://www.mygarden.me.uk/Chloranthus%20oldhamii%20BSWJ6788.jpg Image of ''Chloranthus oldhamii'']
 
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* [http://planteliste.net/slides/chloranthus_sp.html Image of ''Chloranthus serratus'']
 
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* [http://biotech.tipo.gov.tw/plantjpg/1/Sarcandra%20glabra.jpg Images of ''Sarcandra glabra'']
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Chloranthaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm families]]
 

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