Difference between revisions of "Aizoaceae"

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{{More footnotes|date=September 2010}}
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#redirect [[:Category:Aizoaceae]]
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{{automatic taxobox
 
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| image = Sesuvium_p.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Sesuvium portulacastrum]]''
 
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| authority = [[Ivan Ivanovič Martinov|Martinov]]
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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| subdivision = See text
 
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}}
 
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'''Aizoaceae''' or '''Ficoidaceae''' (the fig-marigold family or ice plant family) is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[dicotyledon]]ous [[flowering plants]] containing 135 [[Genus|genera]] and about 1900 [[species]]. They are commonly known as '''stone plants''', '''carpet weeds''' or '''vygies'''. Species that resemble stones or pebbles are sometimes called '''mesembs'''. Several species are known as "ice plants" because of the glistening globular bladder cells covering their stems, fruit and leaves.
 
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== Description ==
 
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The family is widely recognised by taxonomists, although once it went by the botanical name "'''''Ficoideae'''''", now disallowed. The [[APG II system]] of 2003 (unchanged from the [[APG system]] of 1998) also recognises the family, and assigns it to the order [[Caryophyllales]] in the clade [[core eudicots]]. The APG II system also classes the former families '''''Mesembryanthemaceae''''' <small>Fenzl</small>, Sesuviaceae <small>Horan.</small> and Tetragoniaceae <small>Link</small> under the family Aizoaceae.
 
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[[File:Mesembryanthemum guerichianum seedling IMG 8167.JPG|thumb|right|[[Mesembryanthemum guerichianum]] seedling, showing the bladder cells that inspired the name "ice plant".]]
 
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Most species (96%, 1782 species in 132 genera) in this family are endemic to arid or semiarid parts of southern [[Africa]],<ref name="Mesembryanthemaceae">{{cite journal | authors=Chesselet, P., Smith, G.F., Burgoyne, P.M., Klak, C., Hammer, S.A., Hartmann, H.E.K., Kurzweil, H., van Jaarsveld, E.J., van Wyk, B-E. & Leistner, O.A| title=Seed Plants of Southern Africa | journal=Strelitzia | year=2000| volume=10| pages=360–410}}</ref> but a few are from [[Australia]] and the [[Pacific|Central Pacific]]. Most of these species are [[succulent]]s and belong to the subfamilies [[Mesembryanthemoideae]] and [[Ruschioideae]] and are loosely termed mesems or mesembs.
 
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Most fig-marigolds are [[herbaceous]], rarely somewhat woody, with [[Plant stem|stems]] growing either erect or prostrate. [[Leaf|Leaves]] are simple, opposite or alternate, and more or less succulent with entire (or rarely toothed) margins. [[Flower]]s are perfect in most species (but unisexual in some), actinomorphic, and appear singularly or in few-flowered cymes developing from the leaf axils. [[Sepal]]s are typically five (3-8) and more or less connate (fused) below. True [[petal]]s are absent. However, some species have numerous linear petals derived from staminodes. The [[fruit]] is a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] with one to numerous [[seed]]s per cell.
 
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A few species (especially ''[[Carpobrotus edulis]],'' commonly called ice plant) have been widely [[introduced species|introduced]] and become invasive.
 
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They are called ice plant because "they have bladder-like hairs on the leaf surface that reflect and refract light in a manner to make it appear that they sparkle like ice crystals."<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Curtis|title=Ice plant|url=http://aces.nmsu.edu/ces/yard/2005/040905.html|work=Southwest Yard & Garden|publisher=New Mexico State University|accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref>
 
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== Uses ==
 
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Several Aizoaceae are edible, including:
 
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* ''[[Carpobrotus edulis]]'' and ''[[Mesembryanthemum crystallinum]]'' have [[List of plants with edible leaves|edible leaves]], and are both commonly called ice plant.
 
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* A species known as [[New Zealand spinach]] (''Tetragonia tetragonioides'') is grown as a garden plant in somewhat dry climates and used as an alternative to [[spinach]] in upscale [[salad]]s.
 
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''[[Carpobrotus edulis]]'' was [[introduced species|introduced]] to California to stabilize soil along railroad tracks.
 
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Ice plant thrives in southern California. People surround their property with it believing it will act as a firewall to protect against wildfires; ice plant contains so much water, it does not burn if carefully maintained.
 
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== Genera ==
 
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[[File:Aptenia cordifolia flower leaves.jpg|thumb|right|''Aptenia cordifolia'' or rock rose]]
 
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[[File:Carpobrotus edulis01.jpg|thumb|right|Ice plant (''Carpobrotus edulis'')]]
 
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[[File:Jensenobotrya lossowiana.jpg|thumb|right|''Jensenobotrya lossowiana'']]
 
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[[File:Drosanthemum_speciosumP1050020.JPG|thumb|right|''Drosanthemum speciosum'']]
 
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[[File:Cheiridopsis denticulata 2457.jpg|thumb|right|''Cephalophyllum spec.'']]
 
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[[File:Odontophorus angustifolius-PICT2600.jpg|thumb|right|''Odontophorus angustifolius'' Richtersveld N.P.]]
 
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[[File:Fenestraria_rhopalophylla.jpg|thumb|right|''Fenestraria rhopalophylla'']]
 
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=== Subfamily Aizooideae ===
 
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*''[[Acrosanthes]]'' <small>Eckl. & Zeyh.</small>
 
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*''[[Aizoanthemum]]'' <small>Dinter ex Friedrich</small>
 
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*''[[Aizoon]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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*''[[Galenia]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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*''[[Gunniopsis]]'' <small>Pax</small>
 
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*''[[Plinthus]]'' <small>Fenzl</small>
 
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*''[[Tetragonia]]'' <small>L.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2448 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Aizoaceae'' subfam. ''Aizooideae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |accessdate=2011-03-04}}</ref>
 
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=== Subfamily Mesembryanthemoideae ===
 
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{|
 
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|- valign=top
 
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|
 
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*''[[Aptenia]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Aridaria]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Aspazoma]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Brownanthus]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Dactylopsis]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Mesembryanthemum]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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|
 
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*''[[Phyllobolus]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Prenia]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Pseudobrownanthus]]'' <small>Ihlenf. & Bittrich</small>
 
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*''[[Psilocaulon]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Sceletium]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Synaptophyllum]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2451 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Aizoaceae'' subfam. ''Mesembryanthemoideae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |accessdate=2011-03-04}}</ref>
 
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|}
 
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=== Subfamily Ruschioideae ===
 
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{|
 
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|- valign=top
 
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|
 
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;Tribe [[Apatesieae]]
 
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*''[[Apatesia]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Carpanthea]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Caryotophora]]'' <small>Leistner</small>
 
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*''[[Conicosia]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Hymenogyne]]'' <small>Haw.</small>
 
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*''[[Saphesia]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Skiatophytum]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2452 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Aizoaceae'' tribe ''Apatesieae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |accessdate=2011-03-04}}</ref>
 
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;Tribe [[Dorotheantheae]]
 
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*''[[Aethephyllum]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Cleretum]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Dorotheanthus]]'' <small>Schwantes</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2453 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Aizoaceae'' tribe ''Dorotheantheae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |accessdate=2011-03-04}}</ref>
 
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;Tribe [[Ruschiae]]
 
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*''[[Acrodon]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Aloinopsis]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Amphibolia]]'' <small>L.Bolus ex A.G.J.Herre</small>
 
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*''[[Antegibbaeum]]'' <small>Schwantes ex C.Weber</small>
 
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*''[[Antimima]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Arenifera]]'' <small>A.G.J.Herre</small>
 
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*''[[Argyroderma]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Astridia]]'' <small>Dinter</small>
 
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*''[[Bergeranthus]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Bijlia]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Braunsia]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Brianhuntleya]]'' <small>Chess. et al.</small>
 
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*''[[Carpobrotus]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Carruanthus]]'' <small>(Schwantes) Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Cephalophyllum]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Cerochlamys]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Chasmatophyllum]]'' <small>Dinter & Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Cheiridopsis]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Circandra]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Conophytum]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Corpuscularia]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Cylindrophyllum]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Delosperma]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Dicrocaulon]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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|
 
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*''[[Didymaotus]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Dinteranthus]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Diplosoma]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Disphyma]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Dracophilus]]'' <small>(Schwantes) Dinter & Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Drosanthemum]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Eberlanzia]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Ebracteola]]'' <small>Dinter & Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Enarganthe]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Erepsia]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Esterhuysenia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small>
 
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*''[[Faucaria]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Fenestraria]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Frithia]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Gibbaeum]]'' <small>Haw. ex N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Glottiphyllum]]'' <small>Haw. ex N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Hallianthus]]'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small>
 
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*''[[Hereroa]]'' <small>(Schwantes) Dinter & Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Ihlenfeldtia]]'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small>
 
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*''[[Imitaria]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Jacobsenia]]'' <small>L.Bolus & Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Jensenobotrya]]'' <small>A.G.J.Herre</small>
 
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*''[[Jordaaniella]]'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small>
 
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*''[[Juttadinteria]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Khadia]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Lampranthus]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Lapidaria margaretae|Lapidaria]]'' <small>(Dinter & Schwantes) N.E.Br.</small>
 
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*''[[Leipoldtia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small>
 
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*''[[Lithops]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Machairophyllum]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Malephora]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Malotigena]]'' <small>Niederle</small>
 
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*''[[Mestoklema]]'' <small>N.E.Br. ex Glen</small>
 
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*''[[Meyerophytum]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Mitrophyllum]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Monilaria]]'' <small>(Schwantes) Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Mossia]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Muiria]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Namaquanthus]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small>
 
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|
 
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*''[[Namibia (plant)|Namibia]]'' <small>(Schwantes) Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Nananthus]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Nelia (plant)|Nelia]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Neohenricia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small>
 
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*''[[Octopoma]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Odontophorus (plant)|Odontophorus]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Oophytum]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Ophthalmophyllum]]'' <small>Dinter & Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Orthopterum]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small>
 
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*''[[Oscularia]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Ottosonderia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small>
 
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*''[[Pleiospilos]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Polymita (plant)|Polymita]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Psammophora]]'' <small>Dinter & Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Rabiea]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Rhinephyllum]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Rhombophyllum]]'' <small>(Schwantes) Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Ruschia]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Ruschianthemum]]'' <small>Friedrich</small>
 
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*''[[Ruschianthus]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small>
 
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*''[[Schlechteranthus]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Schwantesia]]'' <small>Dinter</small>
 
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*''[[Scopelogena]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small>
 
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*''[[Smicrostigma]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small>
 
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*''[[Stayneria]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small>
 
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*''[[Stoeberia]]'' <small>Dinter & Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Stomatium]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Tanquana]]'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann & Liede</small>
 
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*''[[Titanopsis]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Trichodiadema]]'' <small>Schwantes</small>
 
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*''[[Vanheerdea]]'' <small>L.Bolus ex H.E.K.Hartmann</small>
 
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*''[[Vanzijlia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small>
 
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*''[[Vlokia]]'' <small>S.A.Hammer</small>
 
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*''[[Wooleya]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small>
 
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*''[[Zeuktophyllum]]'' <small>N.E.Br</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2454 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Aizoaceae'' tribe ''Ruschiae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |accessdate=2011-03-04}}</ref>
 
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=== Subfamily Sesuvioideae ===
 
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*''[[Cypselea]]'' <small>Turpin</small>
 
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*''[[Sesuvium]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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*''[[Trianthema]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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*''[[Tribulocarpus]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
 
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*''[[Zaleya]]'' <small>Burm.f.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2449 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Aizoaceae'' subfam. ''Sesuvioideae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |accessdate=2011-03-04}}</ref>
 
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=== ''Incertae sedis'' ===
 
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*''[[Corbichonia]]''
 
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*''[[Gisekia]]''
 
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*''[[Herreanthus]]''
 
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*''[[Limeum]]''
 
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*''[[Ophthalmophyllum]]''
 
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*''[[Saphesia]]''
 
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[[File:Aizoaceae at Marsh Botanical Garden.jpg|thumb|The Desert House at Marsh Botanical Garden.]]
 
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== Footnotes ==
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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== References ==
 
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* {{Cite journal|author =Bittrich V. H. E. K. Hartmann |title= The Aizoaceae—a new approach| journal= Bot. J. Linn. Soc.|volume= 97|pages= 239–254|year=1988 |doi= 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1988.tb01581.x|issue=3}}
 
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* {{Cite journal|author1=Cornelia Klak |author2=Angeline Khunou |author3=Gail Reeves |author4=Terry Hedderson | title = A phylogenetic hypothesis for the Aizoaceae (Caryophyllales) based on four plastid DNA regions | journal = Amer. J. Bot. | year = 2003| volume=90| pages=1433–1445 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.90.10.1433| issue = 10 |url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/90/10/1433}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{Commons category|Aizoaceae}}
 
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/aizoacea.htm Aizoaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants'']
 
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* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=3542&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
 
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* [http://www.flora.sanbi.org/its_page?comID=3 P. Chesselet (2004 onwards). Interactive Mesembs2]
 
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*[http://posa.sanbi.org/flora/results.php?taxon=famno=162&showdetail=F Plants of southern Africa (2005 onwards). SANBI]
 
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*[http://www.museums.org.za/bio/plants/aizoaceae/index.htm Aizoaceae of South Africa]
 
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*[http://www.flowersinisrael.com/FamAizoaceae.html Family Aizoaceae] Flowers in Israel
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Aizoaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Caryophyllales families]]
 
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[[Category:Endemic flora of South Africa]]
 
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[[Category:Fynbos]]
 
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[[Category:Succulent plants]]
 

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